Does the drug help you sleep and relax? Any personal experience?
Answer:
The primary use for promethazine is to reduce or eliminate nausea. It is used in injectible form after surgery for people who have had nausea reactions to anesthesia. Pill form is usually prescribed for people taking another medication that causes upset stomachs. The 'street' use for the drug is for suicidal people - most of the time when people try to kill themselves using pills, their body rejects the huge dose by causing vomiting . . . suicidal people will often take promethazine (pill or suppository) prior to taking the fatal dose of pills to keep from throwing them up.
I have taken promethazine for both post-surgery and to help with another prescribed medication.
If you have a problem with sleep, you need to figure out what the problem is first. Personally, I am a total insomniac. If I don't take my meds, I can stay up for days. If you have insomnia, you might want to consider medications specifically for that. If it is anxiety or stress, you need to address that first before you pop a pill. Only if it has thrown you off schedule that is impairing your daily routines, pills can help. If it is true anxiety, Xanex is great.
Promethazine has limited if any sedative effect.
Good Luck!
When I got in wreck I was taking percoset and getting shots of morphine the Dr. gave it to me to stop nausea.Taking only promethazine will make you a Little sleepy, there are better PX to help you sleep.Save it for when you have a bad hang over to settle your stomach..........LOL
Promethazine (Phenergan) is an anti-histamine and anti-emetic. Most people find it somewhat sedating. About the same feeling as diphenhydramine (Benedryl). Will help you sleep and relax. Probably work on anxiety. Hydroxyzine (Atarax or Vistaril) is well suited to IBS and anxiety. If GI symptoms are not part of your anxiety issues then your physician would more likely put you on a benzodiazepine like Lorazepam, Alprazolam or Clonazepam (Ativan, Xanax and Klonopin, respectively).
It's a sedative antihistamine, so it'll make you a bit sleepy, but it won't do much for anxiety.
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
Prolonged Fasting result in Falsely elevated Triglycerides?
Hihi.. I have been looking for infos on the impact of prolonged fasting( %26gt; 14hrs) effects on triglycerides. Does anyone know how much effects it can have on triglycerides? What is the metabolic pathway involved that helps the liver breaks down "something" to produce tryiglycerides so the TG will be falsely increased under prolonged fasting(eg like starvation). Is the TG increase dramatic? Is this not reccomanded when a fasting lab test is necessary?
Can anyone explain the metabolic pathway? thx !~ i have returned my biochem to my lecturer.. =x
Anyone from lab wish to share some experience? =)
Answer:
The pathway is lipolysis and reesterification. Adipocytes release free fatty acids (not TG's) which are taken to the liver for making energy, namely ketone bodies during starvation. Some FFA's are stuck back together to be released as TG's in VLDL's (very low denstiy lipoproteins).
In the liver triglycerides (from blood or diet) are broken down into lipids and glycerol. These can be converted into glucose or ketone bodies. Some other tissues can utilize intrinsic TG's but I am not sure how useful they are immediately from the bloodstream and during starvation.
In blood tests you can get a high TG value from fasting 12-24 hours but a severe hyperlipidemia is apparent in a markedly starved animal (humans are animals, too). There are suggested cut-offs in vet med based on percentages of normal values to determine whether an animal is currently starving (or just fasting).
Hope that helps
Can anyone explain the metabolic pathway? thx !~ i have returned my biochem to my lecturer.. =x
Anyone from lab wish to share some experience? =)
Answer:
The pathway is lipolysis and reesterification. Adipocytes release free fatty acids (not TG's) which are taken to the liver for making energy, namely ketone bodies during starvation. Some FFA's are stuck back together to be released as TG's in VLDL's (very low denstiy lipoproteins).
In the liver triglycerides (from blood or diet) are broken down into lipids and glycerol. These can be converted into glucose or ketone bodies. Some other tissues can utilize intrinsic TG's but I am not sure how useful they are immediately from the bloodstream and during starvation.
In blood tests you can get a high TG value from fasting 12-24 hours but a severe hyperlipidemia is apparent in a markedly starved animal (humans are animals, too). There are suggested cut-offs in vet med based on percentages of normal values to determine whether an animal is currently starving (or just fasting).
Hope that helps
Procardia to stop preterm contractions?
I am 32 weeks and have been hospitalized twice for thretened preterm labor meaning I have not dilated, but my contractions could have started the process.
I have been given both Terbutaline, and Procardia. I did not do well on the Terbutaline since it got my heart at 128 BPM, while the max is 110 during pregnancy. I was now switched to Procardia because on the first hospital incident, I was given Procardia and responded well to it.
I have done some research on both Terbutaline and Procardia, and found that Terbutaline may be linked to brain damage, autism, speech impediments, low blood sugar, and high blood sugar. I did not however, find anything on Procardia, which I'm sure does not make it safe anyhow.
I was wondering if any moms have taken Procardia during pregnancy, and if so how many mg. and how often daily for how long? More importantly, how are your babies?If anyone has any info on Procardia related to it's use during pregnancy, please share with me.
Thank you in advance!
Answer:
Hi. I saw you had no answers, so I thought I would see what I could do.
BNF says that one of the cautions of taking Procardia (ifedipine) is that it may inhibit labour - but thats what you want! Its list of side effects dont include any fetus-related ones:
"headache, flushing, dizziness, lethargy; tachycardia, palpitation; short-acting preparations may induce an exaggerated fall in blood pressure and reflex tachycardia which may lead to myocardial or cerebrovascular ischaemia; gravitational oedema, rash (erythema multiforme reported), pruritus, urticaria, nausea, constipation or diarrhoea, increased frequency of micturition, eye pain, visual disturbances, gum hyperplasia, asthenia, paraesthesia, myalgia, tremor, impotence, gynaecomastia; depression, telangiectasia, cholestasis, jaundice reported"
According to this website:
http://fpb.case.edu/bedrest/handouts/med...
"No serious newborn side effects have been noted."
However, this website:
http://www.having-a-baby.com/chart.htm#e...
Says:
"Not proven to be safe during pregnancy. Possible temporary fetal/neonatal cardiovascular functional abnormalities."
So, we have some conflicting views due to the lack of studies done. But, I will let BNF take the last word:
"May inhibit labour; manufacturer advises avoid, but risk to fetus should be balanced against risk of uncontrolled maternal hypertension"
Note the last bit: "risk to fetus should be balanced against risk of uncontrolled maternal hypertension". That is what your doctor has done. He needs a drug to lower your blood pressure, and he cant use many due to contraindications, and so he chose this one. If you had no drug, your blood pressure would be too high, and that would cause risk to you and your baby.
Hope that helps
Ashley
I have been given both Terbutaline, and Procardia. I did not do well on the Terbutaline since it got my heart at 128 BPM, while the max is 110 during pregnancy. I was now switched to Procardia because on the first hospital incident, I was given Procardia and responded well to it.
I have done some research on both Terbutaline and Procardia, and found that Terbutaline may be linked to brain damage, autism, speech impediments, low blood sugar, and high blood sugar. I did not however, find anything on Procardia, which I'm sure does not make it safe anyhow.
I was wondering if any moms have taken Procardia during pregnancy, and if so how many mg. and how often daily for how long? More importantly, how are your babies?If anyone has any info on Procardia related to it's use during pregnancy, please share with me.
Thank you in advance!
Answer:
Hi. I saw you had no answers, so I thought I would see what I could do.
BNF says that one of the cautions of taking Procardia (ifedipine) is that it may inhibit labour - but thats what you want! Its list of side effects dont include any fetus-related ones:
"headache, flushing, dizziness, lethargy; tachycardia, palpitation; short-acting preparations may induce an exaggerated fall in blood pressure and reflex tachycardia which may lead to myocardial or cerebrovascular ischaemia; gravitational oedema, rash (erythema multiforme reported), pruritus, urticaria, nausea, constipation or diarrhoea, increased frequency of micturition, eye pain, visual disturbances, gum hyperplasia, asthenia, paraesthesia, myalgia, tremor, impotence, gynaecomastia; depression, telangiectasia, cholestasis, jaundice reported"
According to this website:
http://fpb.case.edu/bedrest/handouts/med...
"No serious newborn side effects have been noted."
However, this website:
http://www.having-a-baby.com/chart.htm#e...
Says:
"Not proven to be safe during pregnancy. Possible temporary fetal/neonatal cardiovascular functional abnormalities."
So, we have some conflicting views due to the lack of studies done. But, I will let BNF take the last word:
"May inhibit labour; manufacturer advises avoid, but risk to fetus should be balanced against risk of uncontrolled maternal hypertension"
Note the last bit: "risk to fetus should be balanced against risk of uncontrolled maternal hypertension". That is what your doctor has done. He needs a drug to lower your blood pressure, and he cant use many due to contraindications, and so he chose this one. If you had no drug, your blood pressure would be too high, and that would cause risk to you and your baby.
Hope that helps
Ashley
Primary & Secondary sensroy receptors?
I don't remember the exact names for the two types of sensory receptors, but i know one generates action potential and the other one (secondary one) just releases neruontransmitter onto the second order neuron, which then generates action potential. What are the exact names for those two types receptors?
And correct me if I am wrong: mechano %26 olfaction use the primary one, and taste, hearing and vision use the secondary one?
Thanks sooo much =)
Answer:
Holy cow. I'm not sure I understand this question but I *think* you are asking about Tonic Receptors and Phasic Receptors. =o)
Tonic - Odor and Touch.
Phasic - Vision, Hearing and Taste.
Hope I got it right.
And correct me if I am wrong: mechano %26 olfaction use the primary one, and taste, hearing and vision use the secondary one?
Thanks sooo much =)
Answer:
Holy cow. I'm not sure I understand this question but I *think* you are asking about Tonic Receptors and Phasic Receptors. =o)
Tonic - Odor and Touch.
Phasic - Vision, Hearing and Taste.
Hope I got it right.
Presence of sperms in female urine sediment,is it reportable?
I work in a clinical laboratory in " urine analysis " department.I would like to know if I find any sperm in female's urine,will it be important to report? and will it be a sighn of any disorder or just it shows an previouse intercourse?! will it help doctor to recognize anything?
please help me.
Answer:
I write a lot of laboratory procedures. We report everything seen on a microscopic UA; however, the presence of spermatozoa in the urine of a consenting adult female is considered to be normal. Since the laboratory has no knowledge of the patient's circumstances (i.e., rape, incest, mental or physical incapacity), it is up to the ordering physician to evaluate the significance of all findings when treating his patient. Since the reporting of spermatozoa is part of the urinalysis order/test, it would be inappropriate to withold any information regarding their presence. A laboratory should not refrain from reporting something just because it is considered to be a normal finding.
You should refer to your laboratory's microscopic urinalysis procedure to see what it says and follow it. Sometimes the hospital medical staff will dictate what will be reported on a urinalysis and their wishes will be incorporated into the procedure.
It should be reported, however all it indicates as you have already said, is that the female patient has had intercourse in the last 24 hours...
I also work in a lab and have talked to other lab techs about this. Our policy, and theirs, is to never report sperm in a woman's urine. There's only one way it could get there and it's not pathologically significant.
There is no need to report that unless until you are specifically asked to do so. Since you are not working in a forensic lab this observation is not significant, even though you can make out the patient had intercourse in last 48 hours.
No need to report
I am surprised at previous answers. I think it is wrong to omit what you see. You are a technician, a very important position in medical diagnosis, but you are not a guardian of public or private mores.
By the same token, you are morally (and perhaps legally) obligated to keep your mouth shut about your findings. Blabbing your findings to other techs in the lab, or to other unconcerned parties is simply wrong.
We ignore it, but it does get listed as present on the lab sheet.
I work in an Emergency Room and seen a few cases where the presence of sperm in a patients urine led us to file CPS or APS reports. When you recieve a specimen into the lab, you get no medical history with it. In the cases I have seen, the patients were both mentally incapacitated. Therefor, not choosing to have intercourse. In my opinion, this result should always be reported. It is up to the physician to decide what is relevant and what isn't. If it is irrelevant, it will be ignored by the physician. In some cases, I know, it has given a voice to people who weren't able to speak for and protect themselves. I know it's a rarity......but it happens.
please help me.
Answer:
I write a lot of laboratory procedures. We report everything seen on a microscopic UA; however, the presence of spermatozoa in the urine of a consenting adult female is considered to be normal. Since the laboratory has no knowledge of the patient's circumstances (i.e., rape, incest, mental or physical incapacity), it is up to the ordering physician to evaluate the significance of all findings when treating his patient. Since the reporting of spermatozoa is part of the urinalysis order/test, it would be inappropriate to withold any information regarding their presence. A laboratory should not refrain from reporting something just because it is considered to be a normal finding.
You should refer to your laboratory's microscopic urinalysis procedure to see what it says and follow it. Sometimes the hospital medical staff will dictate what will be reported on a urinalysis and their wishes will be incorporated into the procedure.
It should be reported, however all it indicates as you have already said, is that the female patient has had intercourse in the last 24 hours...
I also work in a lab and have talked to other lab techs about this. Our policy, and theirs, is to never report sperm in a woman's urine. There's only one way it could get there and it's not pathologically significant.
There is no need to report that unless until you are specifically asked to do so. Since you are not working in a forensic lab this observation is not significant, even though you can make out the patient had intercourse in last 48 hours.
No need to report
I am surprised at previous answers. I think it is wrong to omit what you see. You are a technician, a very important position in medical diagnosis, but you are not a guardian of public or private mores.
By the same token, you are morally (and perhaps legally) obligated to keep your mouth shut about your findings. Blabbing your findings to other techs in the lab, or to other unconcerned parties is simply wrong.
We ignore it, but it does get listed as present on the lab sheet.
I work in an Emergency Room and seen a few cases where the presence of sperm in a patients urine led us to file CPS or APS reports. When you recieve a specimen into the lab, you get no medical history with it. In the cases I have seen, the patients were both mentally incapacitated. Therefor, not choosing to have intercourse. In my opinion, this result should always be reported. It is up to the physician to decide what is relevant and what isn't. If it is irrelevant, it will be ignored by the physician. In some cases, I know, it has given a voice to people who weren't able to speak for and protect themselves. I know it's a rarity......but it happens.
Pre-med courses?
What pre-med course would you recommend? Some of you may answer Biology, but I want some alternative if ever I don't get into Medicine. I'm considering Medical Technology, Physical Theraphy, Public Health and Pharmacy.
Suggestions please.
Answer:
biochemistry, Anatomy and physiology, microbiology, endocrinology, genetics, psych classes. Of course, this is on top of the prerequisite biology, advanced biology, 2 semesters of physics, gen chem, and organic chemistry, all with a lab.
Medical technology would give you most of the courses for medical school, if you took an ASCP course for the registry.
Honestly, take whatever class you'll get an "A" in. That's what will help you get into the med school and once you're in you'll learn such a ridiculous amount of material that you'll barely remember college! This probably isn't the answer you're looking for, but it's the truth! Good Luck!
Let's have a look. Here is the web site for Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. This is a medical school, but also offers degree courses in other fields.
Good luck.
Suggestions please.
Answer:
biochemistry, Anatomy and physiology, microbiology, endocrinology, genetics, psych classes. Of course, this is on top of the prerequisite biology, advanced biology, 2 semesters of physics, gen chem, and organic chemistry, all with a lab.
Medical technology would give you most of the courses for medical school, if you took an ASCP course for the registry.
Honestly, take whatever class you'll get an "A" in. That's what will help you get into the med school and once you're in you'll learn such a ridiculous amount of material that you'll barely remember college! This probably isn't the answer you're looking for, but it's the truth! Good Luck!
Let's have a look. Here is the web site for Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. This is a medical school, but also offers degree courses in other fields.
Good luck.
Posture: Can you sit too upright? It hurts my lower back when I sit completely straight?
I've been told I have bad posture and have been encouraged to sit up straight but I find sitting straight causes strain in my lower back.
Is this OK?
Answer:
Yes it's normal. The muscles that should support your back probably haven't be used for a long time. Just like any unused muscle it takes training. Persist - it's worth it in the long run.
Depends, how old are you and what do you do for a living?
Your back has a natural curve so its no wonder it hurts if you are trying to stand perfectly straight.
usually when that happen it means your extremity muscles are pulling the back bone causing muscle tension. the solution to that is simple: do some stretches every morning and at night. touch your feet with your hands until you achieve flexibility. that wil fix your problem. avoid meds specially prescription.
Also work on strengthening the lower abdominal muscles. A lot of lower back pain and bad posture is caused by an imbalance between the abs and back muscles. So-called "weak backs" are just as likely to be weak abs that don't do their job of supporting the lower spine. Work on the lower abs by lying down and doing pelvic rolls and lifts with those muscles tightened inwards; when you walk, keep your pelvis tucked in instead of allowing yourself to slump into a swayback posture. (And try bellydancing! It's one of the best lower ab toners out there!)
It's impossible from the web to determine your source of pain. Best if you see a physical therapist or your family doctor.
Possible sources of pain could be:
- strain on spinal connective tissues, ligaments due to shortening that has occurred. This can happen if you maintain poor postures for prolonged periods.
- overworked superficial back muscles. If the spinal stabilizers are weak, you rely heavily on the erector spinae. These muscles are not designed to work over prolonged periods and therefore fatigue quickly resulting in burning pain.
- disc pressure, bulges, or herniations. This usually occurs in individuals between the ages of 35 and 55, and is aggravated by poor postures.
Of course there are other sources of pain that need to be ruled out by your family doctor such as tumours, arthritis, spondylolithesis, spondylosis, degenerating discs, internal issues such as kidney or bowel problems, etc.
It's best if you see your doctor.
If your doctor clears you of serious pathology you may find the following web site helpful in gaining strength in your postural muscles:
http://www.exercise-ball-exercises.com...
Is this OK?
Answer:
Yes it's normal. The muscles that should support your back probably haven't be used for a long time. Just like any unused muscle it takes training. Persist - it's worth it in the long run.
Depends, how old are you and what do you do for a living?
Your back has a natural curve so its no wonder it hurts if you are trying to stand perfectly straight.
usually when that happen it means your extremity muscles are pulling the back bone causing muscle tension. the solution to that is simple: do some stretches every morning and at night. touch your feet with your hands until you achieve flexibility. that wil fix your problem. avoid meds specially prescription.
Also work on strengthening the lower abdominal muscles. A lot of lower back pain and bad posture is caused by an imbalance between the abs and back muscles. So-called "weak backs" are just as likely to be weak abs that don't do their job of supporting the lower spine. Work on the lower abs by lying down and doing pelvic rolls and lifts with those muscles tightened inwards; when you walk, keep your pelvis tucked in instead of allowing yourself to slump into a swayback posture. (And try bellydancing! It's one of the best lower ab toners out there!)
It's impossible from the web to determine your source of pain. Best if you see a physical therapist or your family doctor.
Possible sources of pain could be:
- strain on spinal connective tissues, ligaments due to shortening that has occurred. This can happen if you maintain poor postures for prolonged periods.
- overworked superficial back muscles. If the spinal stabilizers are weak, you rely heavily on the erector spinae. These muscles are not designed to work over prolonged periods and therefore fatigue quickly resulting in burning pain.
- disc pressure, bulges, or herniations. This usually occurs in individuals between the ages of 35 and 55, and is aggravated by poor postures.
Of course there are other sources of pain that need to be ruled out by your family doctor such as tumours, arthritis, spondylolithesis, spondylosis, degenerating discs, internal issues such as kidney or bowel problems, etc.
It's best if you see your doctor.
If your doctor clears you of serious pathology you may find the following web site helpful in gaining strength in your postural muscles:
http://www.exercise-ball-exercises.com...
Posture re-training: How long will it take for for my new posture to feel natural?
I've been working on improving my posture for health reasons.
I think I'm doing it correctly but it is causing moderate back strain.
I'm also finding it difficult to remember to always stand/sit 'tall'
How long does it take for the muscles to stengthen and also for the posture 'habit' to embed (roughly - I know it will vary)?
Answer:
I ve had a similar issue. i have scoliosis and use orthopedic inserts in my shoes to help correct posture. it did hurt, alot, i felt that i was walking wrong and that maybe they were done incorrectly. but after about 3 months i could walk in them without back strain or pain. It turns out that it takes a lot more energy to walk incorrectly then correct. i came out much straighter and with alot more energy and strength
Keep in mind my doctor told me to only walk in them sporadically for the first 2 months to get used to the pain of my spine realigning. but I'm a moron and just walked in them all the time. and it hurt alot for about 3 months. so who knows how long its would take to acclimate to a straighter posture at the recommended rate. maybe 5 - 6 months?
hope this helps
I think I'm doing it correctly but it is causing moderate back strain.
I'm also finding it difficult to remember to always stand/sit 'tall'
How long does it take for the muscles to stengthen and also for the posture 'habit' to embed (roughly - I know it will vary)?
Answer:
I ve had a similar issue. i have scoliosis and use orthopedic inserts in my shoes to help correct posture. it did hurt, alot, i felt that i was walking wrong and that maybe they were done incorrectly. but after about 3 months i could walk in them without back strain or pain. It turns out that it takes a lot more energy to walk incorrectly then correct. i came out much straighter and with alot more energy and strength
Keep in mind my doctor told me to only walk in them sporadically for the first 2 months to get used to the pain of my spine realigning. but I'm a moron and just walked in them all the time. and it hurt alot for about 3 months. so who knows how long its would take to acclimate to a straighter posture at the recommended rate. maybe 5 - 6 months?
hope this helps
PLZ tell me about normal levels (max & min) of aminotransferases (AST & ALT) in RATS !?
Answer:
Here is all the values you need!!
Normal Lab Values
Normal blood pressure 60-90/75-120
Blood volume 5.6-7.1 ml/100g
Clotting time 2-5 minutes
Rat Hematologic Reference Ranges1
RBC 6.76-9.75 x 106/mm3
PCV 37.6-50.6%
WBC 6.6-12.6 x 103/mm3
Hemoglobin 11.5-16.1 g/dL
Neutrophils 1.77-3.38 x 103/mm3
Lymphocytes 4.78-9.12 x 103/mm3
Eosinophils 0.03-0.08 x 103/mm3
Monocytes 0.01-0.04 x 103/mm3
Basopnils 0.00-0.03 x 103/mm3
Platelets 150-460 x 103/mL
RBC = red blood cells
PCV = packed cell volume
WBC = white blook cells
Rat Biochemical Reference Ranges1
Total protein 5.6-7.6 g/dL
Albumin 3.8-4.8 g/dL
Glucose 50-135 mg/dL
BUN 15-21 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.2-0.8 mg/dL
Sodium 143-156 mEq/L
Potassium 5.4-7 mEq/L
Chloride 100-110 mEq/L
Phosphorous 3.11-11 mg/dL
Calcium 5.3-13 mg/dL
ALT 17.5-30.2 U/L
AST 45.7-80.8 U/L
Alkaline phos 56.8-128 U/L
Cholesterol 40-130 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 0.2-0.55 mg/dL
Amylase 128-313 SU/dL
BUN = blood urea nitrogen
ALT = alanine aminotransferase
AST = aspartate aminotransferase
Normal Urinalysis
Urine pH 7.5-8.5
Osmolality 1660
Specific Gravity 1.04-1.07
1 Exotic Animal Companion Medicine Handbook for Veterinarians, Johnson-Delaney, C., 1996, Zoological Education Network
Plz give me good Pathophysiology Website?
more on Medicine not the general one. tnx. Dementia for example.
Answer:
you could try emedicine or pubmed. Both provide pretty extensive information on diseases you might need to look up on.
www.emedicine.com
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Hope this helps! :)
Answer:
you could try emedicine or pubmed. Both provide pretty extensive information on diseases you might need to look up on.
www.emedicine.com
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
Hope this helps! :)
Please tell me how to get medicine free?
Answer:
Ask the doctor for free samples. You can also contact the pharmaceutical companies that make your medication and ask, they have the ability to give you coupons for reduced or free prescriptions. Good Luck.
for what lady? you can get samples that about it.
If you qualify for medicaid, because of your economic situation you will be able to get your prescription free, otherwise you are welcome to the club and pay for your medicine
e-mail me immediately
YOU STEAL IT. Just kidding. IF you have some kind of insurance (I.E Medical, blue cross, healthy families, AstraZeneca) You may be able to get it free or for a reduced price. You need to have qualifications for those insurances but you can get medicine cheap if you qualify. You can look up and sign up for AstraZeneca online for example. 鈽?
Please tell me everything you can about the vitreous humor in the eye.?
I wanna know about the liquid inside it....the refractive index of that....its density....the source of the liquid.....in how many days is it replenished if it is replenished at all.......its colour and everything else you may know....please its urgent.....
Answer:
Vitreous humour (British spelling) or Vitreous humor (U.S. spelling) is the clear aqueous solution that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the vertebrate eyeball. The solution is 99% water, but has a gelatinous viscosity two to four times that of water. The remaining solutes include salts, sugars, phagocytes, and a network of collagen fibers. Thus, unlike water, it has a refraction index of 1.336[1]. The phagocytic cells are present to remove unwanted debris in the visual field. The primary purpose of the vitreous humor is to provide a cushioned support for the rest of the eye, as well as a clear unobstructed path for light to travel to the retina.
The collagen fibers of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibers may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as syneresis, leading to cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humor. These commonly lead to floaters which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or other diseases of the eye.
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between systemic circulation and vitreous humor is so slow that vitreous humor is sometimes the fluid of choice for postmortem analysis of glucose levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted, or metabolized from the general circulation.
Composition
The solution is 99% water, but has a gelatinous viscosity two to four times that of water. The remaining solutes include salts, sugars, phagocytes, and a network of collagen fibres. Thus, unlike water, it has a refraction index of 1.336[1].
Hyaluronic acid was first isolated from vitreous humour.
[edit] Function
The phagocytic cells are present to remove unwanted debris in the visual field. The primary purpose of the vitreous humour is to provide a cushioned support for the rest of the eye, as well as a clear unobstructed path for light to travel to the retina.
[edit] Pathology
The collagen fibres of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibres may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as syneresis, leading to cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humour. These commonly lead to floaters which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or other diseases of the eye.
[edit] Clinical significance
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between systemic circulation and vitreous humour is so slow that vitreous humour is sometimes the fluid of choice for postmortem analysis of glucose levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted, or metabolised from the general circulation.
A vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humour from the eye.
[edit] External links
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_02/i...
Vitreous humor filling the cavity of eye. It is gelatinous medium.
Lights beam pass through vitreous humor, refract and go on to yellow spot of retina and compose picture .Vitreous content, water, minerals,lisosimes,secretory Iga, sugar...
The vitreous humor is a clear gel which occupies the posterior compartment of the eye, located between the crystalline lens and the retina and occupying about 80% of the volume of the eyeball. Light initially entering the eye through the cornea, pupil, and lens, is transmitted through the vitreous to the retina.
Vitreous humor has the following composition:
1. water (99%)
2. a network of collagen fibrils
3. large molecules of hyaluronic acid
4. peripheral cells (hyalocytes)
5. inorganic salts
6. sugar
7. ascorbic acid
hyaloid artery
The “hyaloid artery” (a branch of the primitive dorsal ophthalmic artery) extends, in the fetus, from the optic cup of the optic nerve into the vitreous cavity and forward to the lens to aid its development. The hyaloid artery regresses during the last trimester of fetal formation, leaving behind the “Cloquet’s canal” through the vitreous. Sometimes, the hyaloid artery remains after birth and is viewable by a doctor looking into the eye as a “persistent hyaloid artery,” but it rarely is noticeable to the person who has it.
posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
With age, the vitreous humor changes from a gel to a liquid. As it does so, the vitreous mass gradually shrinks and collapses, separating and falling away from the retina. This is called a “posterior vitreous detachment” (PVD) and is a normal occurrence between ages 40 and 70.
Commonly, a person having experienced a PVD will report seeing flashing lights and/or floaters in his or her field of vision. The flashes of light occur as the vitreous tugs on the sensory layer of the retina as the vitreous is detaching. The floaters—which are cells or debris released when the vitreous detaches—can appear as little dots, circles, lines, cobwebs, or clouds. They especially can be apparent when looking at a bright background, as the light entering the eye casts shadows of the floaters onto the retina. Sometimes a large, single floater actually can obstruct print that is being read. The observance of flashes and floaters can last two or more weeks. Even episodes lasting as long as six months can occur.
It is said that the percent chance of having a vitreous detachment is at least the same as one’s age. However, a PVD may occur earlier than normal in moderately to extremely nearsighted people, as well as in people who have had cataract surgery. A dilated eye exam should be performed to make sure the symptoms are not due to a retinal detachment, which is a much more serious and potentially sight-threatening condition.
floaters (muscae volitantes)
As a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occurs—that is, as the vitreous fluid separates from the retina—organic debris or particles known as “floaters” are released. Another name for floaters is “muscae volitantes” (flying flies). Most floaters are merely compressed cells or strands of the vitreous gel which have clumped together so that they are less transparent than the rest of the vitreous. Some floaters are remnants of the hyaloid artery, which usually disintegrates before birth. These types of floaters are harmless.
Floaters sometimes interfere with vision, often during reading, and they can be quite annoying. If a floater appears directly in the line of sight, the best thing to do is to move the eye from side to side or up and down. Doing so can create a current within the internal fluids to move the floater temporarily away from the line of sight. If a floater is suspended in a portion of vitreous humor which is very viscous, it can be very persistent and bothersome. Unfortunately, in most instances, there is nothing to do but learn to tolerate the floater’s presence. Surgical removal is considered only in the most extreme cases.
Usually, the vitreous makes a clean break as it pulls away from the retina. Occasionally, however, the vitreous adheres tightly onto the retina in certain places; and a small, often horseshoe-shaped tear in the retina can result from persistent tugging by the vitreous. Unless the retinal tear is repaired, fluid can seep through this hole into or underneath the retina and cause a retinal detachment, a very serious, sight-threatening condition. As the vitreous membrane tugs on the retina, at points where the two structures remain attached, the tension can cause “flashing” sensations. Occasional flashes of light usually are nothing to be concerned about, unless they increase in frequency and occur in conjunction with a sudden onset of a large number of floaters, in which case a retinal detachment may have occurred.
asteroid hyalosis
Not uncommonly, tiny spherical or disc-shaped, “soapy” globs, can be located in the vitreous of one eye or occasionally both eyes; this is known as “asteroid hyalosis.” When present, these calcium-containing lipid complexes usually are suspended throughout the vitreous. Usually, these “asteroids” are not observable by a person who has them, and they normally do not cause any decrease in vision, since light generally passes through them unaffected. Rarely, however, if the asteroids coalesce on the visual axis, at or near the nodal point behind the lens, there can be a profound decrease in vision. In such a case, removal of the asteroids, via a vitrectomy, is an option to restore vision.
Answer:
Vitreous humour (British spelling) or Vitreous humor (U.S. spelling) is the clear aqueous solution that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the vertebrate eyeball. The solution is 99% water, but has a gelatinous viscosity two to four times that of water. The remaining solutes include salts, sugars, phagocytes, and a network of collagen fibers. Thus, unlike water, it has a refraction index of 1.336[1]. The phagocytic cells are present to remove unwanted debris in the visual field. The primary purpose of the vitreous humor is to provide a cushioned support for the rest of the eye, as well as a clear unobstructed path for light to travel to the retina.
The collagen fibers of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibers may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as syneresis, leading to cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humor. These commonly lead to floaters which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or other diseases of the eye.
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between systemic circulation and vitreous humor is so slow that vitreous humor is sometimes the fluid of choice for postmortem analysis of glucose levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted, or metabolized from the general circulation.
Composition
The solution is 99% water, but has a gelatinous viscosity two to four times that of water. The remaining solutes include salts, sugars, phagocytes, and a network of collagen fibres. Thus, unlike water, it has a refraction index of 1.336[1].
Hyaluronic acid was first isolated from vitreous humour.
[edit] Function
The phagocytic cells are present to remove unwanted debris in the visual field. The primary purpose of the vitreous humour is to provide a cushioned support for the rest of the eye, as well as a clear unobstructed path for light to travel to the retina.
[edit] Pathology
The collagen fibres of the vitreous are held apart by electrical charges. With aging, these charges tend to reduce, and the fibres may clump together. Similarly, the gel may liquefy, a condition known as syneresis, leading to cells and other organic clusters to float freely within the vitreous humour. These commonly lead to floaters which are perceived in the visual field as spots or fibrous strands. Floaters are generally harmless, but the sudden onset of recurring floaters may signify a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or other diseases of the eye.
[edit] Clinical significance
The metabolic exchange and equilibration between systemic circulation and vitreous humour is so slow that vitreous humour is sometimes the fluid of choice for postmortem analysis of glucose levels or substances which would be more rapidly diffused, degraded, excreted, or metabolised from the general circulation.
A vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humour from the eye.
[edit] External links
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_02/i...
Vitreous humor filling the cavity of eye. It is gelatinous medium.
Lights beam pass through vitreous humor, refract and go on to yellow spot of retina and compose picture .Vitreous content, water, minerals,lisosimes,secretory Iga, sugar...
The vitreous humor is a clear gel which occupies the posterior compartment of the eye, located between the crystalline lens and the retina and occupying about 80% of the volume of the eyeball. Light initially entering the eye through the cornea, pupil, and lens, is transmitted through the vitreous to the retina.
Vitreous humor has the following composition:
1. water (99%)
2. a network of collagen fibrils
3. large molecules of hyaluronic acid
4. peripheral cells (hyalocytes)
5. inorganic salts
6. sugar
7. ascorbic acid
hyaloid artery
The “hyaloid artery” (a branch of the primitive dorsal ophthalmic artery) extends, in the fetus, from the optic cup of the optic nerve into the vitreous cavity and forward to the lens to aid its development. The hyaloid artery regresses during the last trimester of fetal formation, leaving behind the “Cloquet’s canal” through the vitreous. Sometimes, the hyaloid artery remains after birth and is viewable by a doctor looking into the eye as a “persistent hyaloid artery,” but it rarely is noticeable to the person who has it.
posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
With age, the vitreous humor changes from a gel to a liquid. As it does so, the vitreous mass gradually shrinks and collapses, separating and falling away from the retina. This is called a “posterior vitreous detachment” (PVD) and is a normal occurrence between ages 40 and 70.
Commonly, a person having experienced a PVD will report seeing flashing lights and/or floaters in his or her field of vision. The flashes of light occur as the vitreous tugs on the sensory layer of the retina as the vitreous is detaching. The floaters—which are cells or debris released when the vitreous detaches—can appear as little dots, circles, lines, cobwebs, or clouds. They especially can be apparent when looking at a bright background, as the light entering the eye casts shadows of the floaters onto the retina. Sometimes a large, single floater actually can obstruct print that is being read. The observance of flashes and floaters can last two or more weeks. Even episodes lasting as long as six months can occur.
It is said that the percent chance of having a vitreous detachment is at least the same as one’s age. However, a PVD may occur earlier than normal in moderately to extremely nearsighted people, as well as in people who have had cataract surgery. A dilated eye exam should be performed to make sure the symptoms are not due to a retinal detachment, which is a much more serious and potentially sight-threatening condition.
floaters (muscae volitantes)
As a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occurs—that is, as the vitreous fluid separates from the retina—organic debris or particles known as “floaters” are released. Another name for floaters is “muscae volitantes” (flying flies). Most floaters are merely compressed cells or strands of the vitreous gel which have clumped together so that they are less transparent than the rest of the vitreous. Some floaters are remnants of the hyaloid artery, which usually disintegrates before birth. These types of floaters are harmless.
Floaters sometimes interfere with vision, often during reading, and they can be quite annoying. If a floater appears directly in the line of sight, the best thing to do is to move the eye from side to side or up and down. Doing so can create a current within the internal fluids to move the floater temporarily away from the line of sight. If a floater is suspended in a portion of vitreous humor which is very viscous, it can be very persistent and bothersome. Unfortunately, in most instances, there is nothing to do but learn to tolerate the floater’s presence. Surgical removal is considered only in the most extreme cases.
Usually, the vitreous makes a clean break as it pulls away from the retina. Occasionally, however, the vitreous adheres tightly onto the retina in certain places; and a small, often horseshoe-shaped tear in the retina can result from persistent tugging by the vitreous. Unless the retinal tear is repaired, fluid can seep through this hole into or underneath the retina and cause a retinal detachment, a very serious, sight-threatening condition. As the vitreous membrane tugs on the retina, at points where the two structures remain attached, the tension can cause “flashing” sensations. Occasional flashes of light usually are nothing to be concerned about, unless they increase in frequency and occur in conjunction with a sudden onset of a large number of floaters, in which case a retinal detachment may have occurred.
asteroid hyalosis
Not uncommonly, tiny spherical or disc-shaped, “soapy” globs, can be located in the vitreous of one eye or occasionally both eyes; this is known as “asteroid hyalosis.” When present, these calcium-containing lipid complexes usually are suspended throughout the vitreous. Usually, these “asteroids” are not observable by a person who has them, and they normally do not cause any decrease in vision, since light generally passes through them unaffected. Rarely, however, if the asteroids coalesce on the visual axis, at or near the nodal point behind the lens, there can be a profound decrease in vision. In such a case, removal of the asteroids, via a vitrectomy, is an option to restore vision.
Please if any one can help me please answer unexplained massive weight gain - medications ???
I have many health issuses ranging from Chronic pain , caused bry a car accident 6 years ago, for which I take Morphine daily - through to being a type 2 Diabetic (due to being morbidly obese) - before the accident I weighed 71 kg, after the accident my weight at my heaviest was 147kg, I had my gallbladder and my Myrena IUD removed and lost 63kg in under 4 months, I've since had another Myrena IUD inserted and have gained over 24kg, my sugar levels are really high with readings between 26.4 - 9.3, I have NO appertite, my Dr won't believe me that I'm NOT OVER EATING ! I've even had my husband try to explaine to our Dr that I don't eat, due to my pain issues I am some what restricted with excerise, but I do walk each day for 45 minutes - which now gives me chest pain, On top of all this I am going through a very early change of life, my blood pressure rises with pain, I'm only 35 years old, if I don't lose a lot of weight, I'm at risk of 1 in 4 chances of having a stroke or heart attack.
Answer:
You are type II diabetic. That means if you lose weight your body will quite likely restore the blood glucose level to normal by itself. The only option you should take is to exercise regularly. Dont do dieting because since your body is in a position of recovering from all the obstacles, dieting will eradicate this from happening. Your body never gives up. It will do anything it can to do its best as long as energy is provided. So do eat, but dont eat too much. Believe it or not eating too much carbohydrates makes you heavier than just consuming fats or proteins. However eat only small amounts of carbohydrates and lipids but take proteins in a slightly large amount for repairing. Eating an egg every 2 weeks will be good and eating fish at least 2 times every week will rapidly increase your ability of your body to heal. Also exercise for more then 45 minutes. Start by walking and then progress. If you walk or cover the same distance every day for the same time your body will not progress, so progress your exercise routine atleast every week. From this your body will have the potential to meet simple demands. Also going for a walk atleast 3 times every day will be a good start.
These are some important tips:
Never sleep when your are bloated.
Sleep regularly.
dont exercise after you eat.
and drink lots of water
hope it helps and good luck in it..
it should make you lose with not gain it, and if your type 2 dieabetes is what you have the insulin should help you not gain weight as well, so it could make you gain some weight but not a lot of weight with the meds your on.
best thing is to ask your docotr if thats what is making you gain the weight.
I can really sympathize with you, because I was on alot of meds and gained alot of weight. I went from 140 lbs to 246lbs in less than a year. I didn't think I was eating much either and my family also didn't think I was. Some times it is what we eat, or the picking that we do without realizing it. Anyways, I had weight loss surgery and have lost all the weight and I feel wonderful. I had the lap band because it is reversable and it is not major surgery. My friend who was also over weight had the gastric bypass because she also had type 2 diabetes, and with the bypass most people's diabetes go away within a couple of days after surgery. Something about the way your body processes the sugar after surgery. She had her surgery march 7th of this year and has already lost 67 lbs. Her sugar is normal and she looks and feels great.I'm not advocating for you to have one of the two types of weight loss surgeries, but it really is something that is worth looking into.there are a couple of web sites you can look at to check out both types of surgeries, interact with people who have had them and view before and after pics.
www.lapbandtalk.com
and for the gastric bypass www.obesityhelp.com
I sincerely hope this information helps you. Good Luck.
Answer:
You are type II diabetic. That means if you lose weight your body will quite likely restore the blood glucose level to normal by itself. The only option you should take is to exercise regularly. Dont do dieting because since your body is in a position of recovering from all the obstacles, dieting will eradicate this from happening. Your body never gives up. It will do anything it can to do its best as long as energy is provided. So do eat, but dont eat too much. Believe it or not eating too much carbohydrates makes you heavier than just consuming fats or proteins. However eat only small amounts of carbohydrates and lipids but take proteins in a slightly large amount for repairing. Eating an egg every 2 weeks will be good and eating fish at least 2 times every week will rapidly increase your ability of your body to heal. Also exercise for more then 45 minutes. Start by walking and then progress. If you walk or cover the same distance every day for the same time your body will not progress, so progress your exercise routine atleast every week. From this your body will have the potential to meet simple demands. Also going for a walk atleast 3 times every day will be a good start.
These are some important tips:
Never sleep when your are bloated.
Sleep regularly.
dont exercise after you eat.
and drink lots of water
hope it helps and good luck in it..
it should make you lose with not gain it, and if your type 2 dieabetes is what you have the insulin should help you not gain weight as well, so it could make you gain some weight but not a lot of weight with the meds your on.
best thing is to ask your docotr if thats what is making you gain the weight.
I can really sympathize with you, because I was on alot of meds and gained alot of weight. I went from 140 lbs to 246lbs in less than a year. I didn't think I was eating much either and my family also didn't think I was. Some times it is what we eat, or the picking that we do without realizing it. Anyways, I had weight loss surgery and have lost all the weight and I feel wonderful. I had the lap band because it is reversable and it is not major surgery. My friend who was also over weight had the gastric bypass because she also had type 2 diabetes, and with the bypass most people's diabetes go away within a couple of days after surgery. Something about the way your body processes the sugar after surgery. She had her surgery march 7th of this year and has already lost 67 lbs. Her sugar is normal and she looks and feels great.I'm not advocating for you to have one of the two types of weight loss surgeries, but it really is something that is worth looking into.there are a couple of web sites you can look at to check out both types of surgeries, interact with people who have had them and view before and after pics.
www.lapbandtalk.com
and for the gastric bypass www.obesityhelp.com
I sincerely hope this information helps you. Good Luck.
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
1. Which of the following statements describes the process of anaerobic glycolysis?
A. The body breaks down ATP and PC to create energy.
B. The body uses oxygen to form new stores of ATP.
C. The body partially breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP) and the by-product lactic acid.
D. The body breaks down oxygen and glycogen to produce energy.
2. A contraction that causes a muscle to lengthen rather than shorten is called
A. eccentric.
B. isotonic.
C. static.
D. isokinetic.
3. Which of the following statements concerning energy production is true?
A. Energy is produced only in the cardiovascular system.
B. The body breaks down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create energy.
C. The body uses chemical reactions to break foods down into METS.
D. The only way the body can produce energy is by using oxygen.
4. Which of the following sports uses Energy System 3 to supply ATP to the body?
A. Weight lifting
B. Gymnastics
C. Swimming
D. Wrestling
5. The basic unit that describes energy costs in terms of oxygen consumption is the
A. MET.
B. kcal.
C. ATP.
D. ADP.
Answer:
ummmm, cbdac :o)
can u plz post this at http://www.tutorbuddy.org i will answer when u post
A. The body breaks down ATP and PC to create energy.
B. The body uses oxygen to form new stores of ATP.
C. The body partially breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP) and the by-product lactic acid.
D. The body breaks down oxygen and glycogen to produce energy.
2. A contraction that causes a muscle to lengthen rather than shorten is called
A. eccentric.
B. isotonic.
C. static.
D. isokinetic.
3. Which of the following statements concerning energy production is true?
A. Energy is produced only in the cardiovascular system.
B. The body breaks down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create energy.
C. The body uses chemical reactions to break foods down into METS.
D. The only way the body can produce energy is by using oxygen.
4. Which of the following sports uses Energy System 3 to supply ATP to the body?
A. Weight lifting
B. Gymnastics
C. Swimming
D. Wrestling
5. The basic unit that describes energy costs in terms of oxygen consumption is the
A. MET.
B. kcal.
C. ATP.
D. ADP.
Answer:
ummmm, cbdac :o)
can u plz post this at http://www.tutorbuddy.org i will answer when u post
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
16. Regular aerobic exercise decreases the fat-to-muscle ratio because
A. excess fat stores become more toned and conditioned.
B. excess fat stores are burned for energy.
C. increases in muscle mass push excess fat into the bloodstream.
D. increased oxygen demands signal the body to become anaerobic for greater muscle mass.
17. Which of the following causes muscular fatigue after just a few minutes of intense exertion?
A. Lactic acid
B. ATP
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. PC
18. Anaerobic training increases your
A. flexibility.
B. red blood cell count.
C. lung capacity.
D. strength.
19. Which of the following should you try to maintain for 20鈥?0 minutes during exercise?
A. Target heart rate
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Maximum heart rate
D. METS
20. What is the training effect?
A. The tendency to suffer injuries as a result of too much exercise
B. Shortness of breath and dizziness caused by overexertion
C. An increase in the resting heart rate and a decrease in the stroke volume of the heart
D. A term that describes the many physiological changes resulting from participation in vigorous muscular fitness activities
Answer:
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
B)
A)
D)
D)
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
A. excess fat stores become more toned and conditioned.
B. excess fat stores are burned for energy.
C. increases in muscle mass push excess fat into the bloodstream.
D. increased oxygen demands signal the body to become anaerobic for greater muscle mass.
17. Which of the following causes muscular fatigue after just a few minutes of intense exertion?
A. Lactic acid
B. ATP
C. Aerobic glycolysis
D. PC
18. Anaerobic training increases your
A. flexibility.
B. red blood cell count.
C. lung capacity.
D. strength.
19. Which of the following should you try to maintain for 20鈥?0 minutes during exercise?
A. Target heart rate
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Maximum heart rate
D. METS
20. What is the training effect?
A. The tendency to suffer injuries as a result of too much exercise
B. Shortness of breath and dizziness caused by overexertion
C. An increase in the resting heart rate and a decrease in the stroke volume of the heart
D. A term that describes the many physiological changes resulting from participation in vigorous muscular fitness activities
Answer:
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
B)
A)
D)
D)
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
1. The type of joint that allows the greatest degree of movement is the _______ joint.
A. gliding
B. saddle
C. ball-and-socket
D. hinge
2. Osteopathy and myocardosis are medical terms referring to
A. inflammation
.
B. disease.
C. sensation.
D. tumor.
3. How many receiving chambers and outgoing chambers does the heart have?
A. One outgoing chamber; no receiving chamber
B. Two receiving chambers and two outgoing chambers
C. One receiving chamber and one outgoing chamber
D. One receiving chamber; no outgoing chamber
4. Which one of these statements is true regarding blood circulation?
A. For health and survival, it's critical for blood circulation to be ongoing and uninterrupted.
B. Normally, blood circulates in a repeating stop-start rhythm.
C. The heart deoxygenates blood that's returned to it.
Answer:
1 C
2 B
3 B
4 A
1..C
2..B
3..B
4...A
1. A ball %26 socket joint has 3 degrees of motion compared to a hinge joint %26 saddle which has 2 degrees of motion. A gliding joint has only one degree of motion. In other words, a ball %26 socket joint like the hip and shoulder joints can do triplanar motion namely abduction/adduction, flexion/extension and rotation.
2. Both of them refer to a disease process. Osteopathy (osteo=bone, pathy=pathology) and myocardosis (myo=muscle, cardio=heart, osis=condition).
3. There are 2 receiving chambers in the heart, the right atrium receives from the vena cavae and the right ventricle from the pulmonary vein. The outgoing chambers consist of the left atrium which pumps the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle which pumps blood to the body via the aorta.
4. A
c,b,b,c
1 c
2 b
3 b
4 a
A. gliding
B. saddle
C. ball-and-socket
D. hinge
2. Osteopathy and myocardosis are medical terms referring to
A. inflammation
.
B. disease.
C. sensation.
D. tumor.
3. How many receiving chambers and outgoing chambers does the heart have?
A. One outgoing chamber; no receiving chamber
B. Two receiving chambers and two outgoing chambers
C. One receiving chamber and one outgoing chamber
D. One receiving chamber; no outgoing chamber
4. Which one of these statements is true regarding blood circulation?
A. For health and survival, it's critical for blood circulation to be ongoing and uninterrupted.
B. Normally, blood circulates in a repeating stop-start rhythm.
C. The heart deoxygenates blood that's returned to it.
Answer:
1 C
2 B
3 B
4 A
1..C
2..B
3..B
4...A
1. A ball %26 socket joint has 3 degrees of motion compared to a hinge joint %26 saddle which has 2 degrees of motion. A gliding joint has only one degree of motion. In other words, a ball %26 socket joint like the hip and shoulder joints can do triplanar motion namely abduction/adduction, flexion/extension and rotation.
2. Both of them refer to a disease process. Osteopathy (osteo=bone, pathy=pathology) and myocardosis (myo=muscle, cardio=heart, osis=condition).
3. There are 2 receiving chambers in the heart, the right atrium receives from the vena cavae and the right ventricle from the pulmonary vein. The outgoing chambers consist of the left atrium which pumps the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle which pumps blood to the body via the aorta.
4. A
c,b,b,c
1 c
2 b
3 b
4 a
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
1. An emergency first aid kit should include
A. sterile gauze pads in assorted sizes.
B. a bottle of multiple vitamins.
C. a knife to cut open blood blisters.
D. aspirin.
2. Which of the following is not a type of open wound?
A. Abrasion
B. Avulsion
C. Puncture
D. Bruise
3. A good aerobic facility will have
A. a lot of equipment.
B. good ventilation.
C. carpet over concrete flooring.
D. dim lighting.
4. When aerobic exercise is combined with calisthenics as well as warm-up and cooldown stretches, it
A. is much more competitive than other sports.
B. has a high risk of injury.
C. doesn't strengthen or condition the heart.
D. provides a complete workout.
Answer:
1 a 2 d 3 b 4 d
If you can't answer that yourself, I really hope I don't need first aid around you.
1.a 2.d 3.a 4.d
1. a
2. d
3. c
4. d
Good luck.
adbd
1 a
2 b
3 b
4 d
1.a
2.d
3.b
4.d
A. sterile gauze pads in assorted sizes.
B. a bottle of multiple vitamins.
C. a knife to cut open blood blisters.
D. aspirin.
2. Which of the following is not a type of open wound?
A. Abrasion
B. Avulsion
C. Puncture
D. Bruise
3. A good aerobic facility will have
A. a lot of equipment.
B. good ventilation.
C. carpet over concrete flooring.
D. dim lighting.
4. When aerobic exercise is combined with calisthenics as well as warm-up and cooldown stretches, it
A. is much more competitive than other sports.
B. has a high risk of injury.
C. doesn't strengthen or condition the heart.
D. provides a complete workout.
Answer:
1 a 2 d 3 b 4 d
If you can't answer that yourself, I really hope I don't need first aid around you.
1.a 2.d 3.a 4.d
1. a
2. d
3. c
4. d
Good luck.
adbd
1 a
2 b
3 b
4 d
1.a
2.d
3.b
4.d
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
9. The displacement of a bone end from a joint is called
A. a dislocation.
B. a soft tissue sprain.
C. bursitis.
D. chondromalacia.
10. Which of the following statements describes "long-term" aerobics students?
A. They aren't prone to minor injuries.
B. Long-term students need not worry about preventative safety techniques.
C. They risk injury even though they may be in good shape.
D. Long-term students reduce their occurrences of microtrauma over time.
11. What should an aerobics instructor do if a student loses consciousness and isn't breathing?
A. Perform the Heimlich maneuver
B. Call for emergency help immediately, and if certified, begin the rescue breathing procedure immediately
C. Hit the chest to start breathing
D. Elevate the feet
12. The RICE method for initial 48-hour treatment of certain fitness injuries includes
A. a high-carbohydrate diet, rest, and relaxation.
B. a referral, high-carbohydrate diet, and rest.
C. rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
D. rest, injury, carbohydrates, and exercise.
13. Which of the following requires immediate professional attention?
A. Muscle soreness
B. Excessive bleeding
C. Skin abrasions
D. Shin splints
Answer:
1- a) disclocation (a.k.a. subluxation)
10 - c) They risk injury even though they may be in good shape
11) b)
Call for emergency help immediately, and if certified, begin the rescue breathing procedure immediately
12 - c) rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
13 - B) Excessive bleeding
9. DISLOCATION if the bone is still in tact but the joint is not.
SUBLUXATION if the bone is in tact but it either left the joint and returned to original position or simply stretched the joint capule itself. If the bone is not in tack then you have bone spurs, breaks, fractures, etc.
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. B
A. a dislocation.
B. a soft tissue sprain.
C. bursitis.
D. chondromalacia.
10. Which of the following statements describes "long-term" aerobics students?
A. They aren't prone to minor injuries.
B. Long-term students need not worry about preventative safety techniques.
C. They risk injury even though they may be in good shape.
D. Long-term students reduce their occurrences of microtrauma over time.
11. What should an aerobics instructor do if a student loses consciousness and isn't breathing?
A. Perform the Heimlich maneuver
B. Call for emergency help immediately, and if certified, begin the rescue breathing procedure immediately
C. Hit the chest to start breathing
D. Elevate the feet
12. The RICE method for initial 48-hour treatment of certain fitness injuries includes
A. a high-carbohydrate diet, rest, and relaxation.
B. a referral, high-carbohydrate diet, and rest.
C. rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
D. rest, injury, carbohydrates, and exercise.
13. Which of the following requires immediate professional attention?
A. Muscle soreness
B. Excessive bleeding
C. Skin abrasions
D. Shin splints
Answer:
1- a) disclocation (a.k.a. subluxation)
10 - c) They risk injury even though they may be in good shape
11) b)
Call for emergency help immediately, and if certified, begin the rescue breathing procedure immediately
12 - c) rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
13 - B) Excessive bleeding
9. DISLOCATION if the bone is still in tact but the joint is not.
SUBLUXATION if the bone is in tact but it either left the joint and returned to original position or simply stretched the joint capule itself. If the bone is not in tack then you have bone spurs, breaks, fractures, etc.
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. B
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
1. The most successful weight control program involves
A. eating a lowfat diet.
B. exercising aerobically.
C. combining aerobic exercise with a healthy diet.
D. weight training.
2. A person trying to lose weight should
A. lose one to two pounds a week.
B. reduce his or her intake of water.
C. lift weights every day.
D. lose 20 pounds a month.
3. The main reason why you should reduce your intake of eggs is because egg yolks
A. lack carbohydrates.
B. are high in cholesterol.
C. are high in protein.
D. lack fiber.
4. High-fat diets can cause atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by
A. reduced protein availability to cells.
B. decreased glycogen storage.
C. thickening and hardening of the artery walls.
D. softening of the artery walls.
5. Which of the following is a disaccharide?
A. Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Fructose
D. Galactose
Answer:
1) C.
2) A.
3) B.
4) C.
5) A.
1 (C)
2 (A)
3 (C) [Not sure]
4 (C)
5 (A)
1. = C
2. = A
3. = B
4. = C
5, = A
A. eating a lowfat diet.
B. exercising aerobically.
C. combining aerobic exercise with a healthy diet.
D. weight training.
2. A person trying to lose weight should
A. lose one to two pounds a week.
B. reduce his or her intake of water.
C. lift weights every day.
D. lose 20 pounds a month.
3. The main reason why you should reduce your intake of eggs is because egg yolks
A. lack carbohydrates.
B. are high in cholesterol.
C. are high in protein.
D. lack fiber.
4. High-fat diets can cause atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by
A. reduced protein availability to cells.
B. decreased glycogen storage.
C. thickening and hardening of the artery walls.
D. softening of the artery walls.
5. Which of the following is a disaccharide?
A. Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Fructose
D. Galactose
Answer:
1) C.
2) A.
3) B.
4) C.
5) A.
1 (C)
2 (A)
3 (C) [Not sure]
4 (C)
5 (A)
1. = C
2. = A
3. = B
4. = C
5, = A
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
16. Which of the following is true?
A. It would take three to five hours to hydrate the body after a water loss of 3 percent.
B. A critical time to replace bodily fluids is while exercising.
C. Mild food ingestion during exercise increases water absorption from the stomach during exercise.
D. Thirst is the best indicator of water requirement during competition.
17. What effect does the aging process have on dietary guidelines?
A. You'll need additional calories to fuel the body.
B. Prescription drugs often present side effects and therefore should always be taken with food.
C. It causes nutrient deficiencies so you'll need to rely more heavily on nutrient supplements.
D. If you take diuretics, they can deplete potassium levels, so you may have to eat more foods containing this nutrient.
18. The eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating followed by self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives or diuretics is
A. malnutrition.
B. cirrhosis.
C. anorexia nervosa.
D. bulimia.
19. Saturated fats are found primarily in
A. fruits and grains.
B. animal products.
C. vegetable oils.
D. alcoholic beverages.
20. The greatest water loss per day occurs
A. through the skin (perspiration).
B. through the lungs (exhalation).
C. in feces.
D. in urine.
Answer:
A, D, D, B, C
to the post below me: if you feel thirsty, you're already dehydrated.
16 D
17A
18D
19B
20A
A. It would take three to five hours to hydrate the body after a water loss of 3 percent.
B. A critical time to replace bodily fluids is while exercising.
C. Mild food ingestion during exercise increases water absorption from the stomach during exercise.
D. Thirst is the best indicator of water requirement during competition.
17. What effect does the aging process have on dietary guidelines?
A. You'll need additional calories to fuel the body.
B. Prescription drugs often present side effects and therefore should always be taken with food.
C. It causes nutrient deficiencies so you'll need to rely more heavily on nutrient supplements.
D. If you take diuretics, they can deplete potassium levels, so you may have to eat more foods containing this nutrient.
18. The eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating followed by self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives or diuretics is
A. malnutrition.
B. cirrhosis.
C. anorexia nervosa.
D. bulimia.
19. Saturated fats are found primarily in
A. fruits and grains.
B. animal products.
C. vegetable oils.
D. alcoholic beverages.
20. The greatest water loss per day occurs
A. through the skin (perspiration).
B. through the lungs (exhalation).
C. in feces.
D. in urine.
Answer:
A, D, D, B, C
to the post below me: if you feel thirsty, you're already dehydrated.
16 D
17A
18D
19B
20A
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
5. Prolonged use of steroids causes
A. muscle atrophy.
B. a decrease in blood pressure.
C. an increase in sperm production.
D. unexpected mood swings, such as depression.
6. The function of the pulmonary circuit of the heart is to
A. make the lungs grow larger
B. increase anaerobic muscle power.
C. reoxygenate blood.
D. build muscular strength.
7. A muscular contraction that causes a muscle to shorten as it develops tension is called
A. eccentric.
B. spasmodic.
C. isometric.
D. isotonic.
8. Which of these describes bending the knee joint to bring the lower-leg and upper-leg bones closer together?
A. Flexion
B. Adduction
C. Extension
D. Abduction
Answer:
1.d
2.c
3.d
4.d
5-a, 6-c, 7-b, 8-b
it sounds like you probably need to know this, sounds like something for an emt class. look it up online, don't trust peoples answers on here they could just be guessing...
5. a and d
6. c
7. d
8. c
A. muscle atrophy.
B. a decrease in blood pressure.
C. an increase in sperm production.
D. unexpected mood swings, such as depression.
6. The function of the pulmonary circuit of the heart is to
A. make the lungs grow larger
B. increase anaerobic muscle power.
C. reoxygenate blood.
D. build muscular strength.
7. A muscular contraction that causes a muscle to shorten as it develops tension is called
A. eccentric.
B. spasmodic.
C. isometric.
D. isotonic.
8. Which of these describes bending the knee joint to bring the lower-leg and upper-leg bones closer together?
A. Flexion
B. Adduction
C. Extension
D. Abduction
Answer:
1.d
2.c
3.d
4.d
5-a, 6-c, 7-b, 8-b
it sounds like you probably need to know this, sounds like something for an emt class. look it up online, don't trust peoples answers on here they could just be guessing...
5. a and d
6. c
7. d
8. c
Please help multiple choice. Thanks?
13. A skeletal muscle attaches to
A. bones of the skeleton.
B. body organs.
C. the heart.
D. a ligament.
14. Possible causes of muscle soreness include all of the following except
A. overstretching.
B. torn muscle fibers.
C. muscular spasms reducing blood flow.
D. insufficient lactic acid.
15. Muscular atrophy involves a process in which
A. muscle fibers enlarge and increase protein filaments
B. muscles deteriorate resulting in a decrease in the size and strength of muscle tissue.
C. muscle fibers replace connective tissue.
D. muscles deteriorate in size, but remain the same shape.
16. Synovial joints are freely movable joints that
A. include the neck, tibia, fibia, elbow, and knee.
B. connect the rib cage to the breastbone.
C. comprise the majority of joints in your body.
D. require little protection due to the lubricating fluid found in the joints.
Answer:
13. a
14. d
15. b
16. a
A D B A
Is this a trick question? My guesses are 13. D, 14. D, 15. B, 16. C I can't be certain because it's been a while since I was in school...
A - ligaments connect two bones
D
B
C - vertebral joints as in the neck are not synovial
A. bones of the skeleton.
B. body organs.
C. the heart.
D. a ligament.
14. Possible causes of muscle soreness include all of the following except
A. overstretching.
B. torn muscle fibers.
C. muscular spasms reducing blood flow.
D. insufficient lactic acid.
15. Muscular atrophy involves a process in which
A. muscle fibers enlarge and increase protein filaments
B. muscles deteriorate resulting in a decrease in the size and strength of muscle tissue.
C. muscle fibers replace connective tissue.
D. muscles deteriorate in size, but remain the same shape.
16. Synovial joints are freely movable joints that
A. include the neck, tibia, fibia, elbow, and knee.
B. connect the rib cage to the breastbone.
C. comprise the majority of joints in your body.
D. require little protection due to the lubricating fluid found in the joints.
Answer:
13. a
14. d
15. b
16. a
A D B A
Is this a trick question? My guesses are 13. D, 14. D, 15. B, 16. C I can't be certain because it's been a while since I was in school...
A - ligaments connect two bones
D
B
C - vertebral joints as in the neck are not synovial
PLEASE HELP ME!!!! please!?
I NEEEEED a surgery simulation game! I have already played every edheads surgery game (they're boring), Life %26 Death, Life %26 Death 2: The Brain (Life %26 Death games are my fav! ^^), Dark Cut, the one where you cut 10 random objects out of the patient (weird), some other one that kind of looks like the guy on operation where you have to cut in a straight line - boring), Hospital Tycoon (pretty boring), I know I don't like Theme Hospital, and tried Trauma Center: Under the Knife, and I don't play sequels before I completely play the first (i'm not gonna play trauma center: second opinion until I play the first)
Are the ANY OTHER surgery simulation games? I LOVE the Life %26 Death series, but I NEED some other surgery sim game! PLEASE HELP!
Answer:
How about the game, Operation.
Wow.... have you considered therapy?
Chase.... Yes!
Why not study to become a surgeon in real life? It appears you have a strong calling. When one is so moved, it is well to follow. Blessings.
You really need an help !!
Maybe all the time you spend on video games, you should put into school. Study as hard as you play and become a surgeon!
Hi. Try this:
http://www.abc.net.au/science/lcs/swf/he...
Quite good it is.
Ashley
Are the ANY OTHER surgery simulation games? I LOVE the Life %26 Death series, but I NEED some other surgery sim game! PLEASE HELP!
Answer:
How about the game, Operation.
Wow.... have you considered therapy?
Chase.... Yes!
Why not study to become a surgeon in real life? It appears you have a strong calling. When one is so moved, it is well to follow. Blessings.
You really need an help !!
Maybe all the time you spend on video games, you should put into school. Study as hard as you play and become a surgeon!
Hi. Try this:
http://www.abc.net.au/science/lcs/swf/he...
Quite good it is.
Ashley
Please help identify this pill?
I found an oval bluish colored pill with K54 imprinted on it in my sons room, I also found a small round white pill with what looks like a GG266 or perhaps its 66 266. This worries me and I could not find anything out by myself about them online. Does anyone know what these pills are and what they can do to you? My son is only 11, any help is much appreciated and thank you in advance.
Answer:
When it comes to identifying pills, www.drugs.com is highly recommended site. On the home page, you will see a tab marked pill identification. Click on this tab to brig up a few search boxes.... You can search by color, shape, imprint markings, and drug names. I tried using the markings you provided, but I didn't come up with a definitive identity. Maybe if you seen the pictures, they would help you to identify these pills. Good luck.. I hope this helps!! Ohh yeah... if you are using the imprint markings.. try using part of the imprint such as 'GG' instead of GG266!! It will show a list of every pill in their database with those numbers/letters!!
Take them to a pharmacist, they can tell you exactly what you have.
Yikes! I don't blame you for being a little worried! Call your pharmacy. They can look it up right away. Good luck.
call ur local poison control. describe it to them and they should be able to tell u
GOOD LUCK
just ask your son
The first one seems to be a Ginseng pill (see the link below).
But I think the best think to do is go see a doctor or a pharmacist. They can say what exactly these pills are and give you a professional advice.
http://store.orientalpharmacy.com/rawtig...
i had the same experience with my daughter...
all i did was google the number/letter combos on the pills and i found all the info i needed...including pictures
good luck
ASK YOUR SON!!! why sneak around? why not trust him? what does he have to hide? is it worth ruining your relationship with your son over? He honestly might not know how they got there... talk to him. communication is KEY.
go to your drug store
Have you tried drugid.info? It is a pretty good site. I believe the white one is a generic xanax
Any pharmacist can identify them for you.
So you do not trust your son at all.
Normal reaction of a parent.
It is no wonder the teens think parents are so stupid.
Start by talking to your son and go from there. Do not get angry and start doing stupid things. Act like the adult that you think you are.
You must have forgotten. More like you will not admit.
go to the FDA website
Answer:
When it comes to identifying pills, www.drugs.com is highly recommended site. On the home page, you will see a tab marked pill identification. Click on this tab to brig up a few search boxes.... You can search by color, shape, imprint markings, and drug names. I tried using the markings you provided, but I didn't come up with a definitive identity. Maybe if you seen the pictures, they would help you to identify these pills. Good luck.. I hope this helps!! Ohh yeah... if you are using the imprint markings.. try using part of the imprint such as 'GG' instead of GG266!! It will show a list of every pill in their database with those numbers/letters!!
Take them to a pharmacist, they can tell you exactly what you have.
Yikes! I don't blame you for being a little worried! Call your pharmacy. They can look it up right away. Good luck.
call ur local poison control. describe it to them and they should be able to tell u
GOOD LUCK
just ask your son
The first one seems to be a Ginseng pill (see the link below).
But I think the best think to do is go see a doctor or a pharmacist. They can say what exactly these pills are and give you a professional advice.
http://store.orientalpharmacy.com/rawtig...
i had the same experience with my daughter...
all i did was google the number/letter combos on the pills and i found all the info i needed...including pictures
good luck
ASK YOUR SON!!! why sneak around? why not trust him? what does he have to hide? is it worth ruining your relationship with your son over? He honestly might not know how they got there... talk to him. communication is KEY.
go to your drug store
Have you tried drugid.info? It is a pretty good site. I believe the white one is a generic xanax
Any pharmacist can identify them for you.
So you do not trust your son at all.
Normal reaction of a parent.
It is no wonder the teens think parents are so stupid.
Start by talking to your son and go from there. Do not get angry and start doing stupid things. Act like the adult that you think you are.
You must have forgotten. More like you will not admit.
go to the FDA website
Please explain magnetic system and its effect on human body?
Answer:
A magnetic field will only influence another magnetic field or the flow of electricity (which go hand-in-hand). The only major source of electrical activity in humans is the brain.
So although wearing a little magnetic bracelet is essentially worthless, there are medical uses for magnetism on the brain. Specifically, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/repetitive_... .
Magnets ave no effect on the human body. Magnetotherapy is CRAP.
Plastic surgery question.?
Can they take fat from one body part and put it into another body part. One of my boobs is smaller than the other and I wonder if they could make it larger without using artificial materials.
Answer:
When they move fat, not all of it takes, so you never know what the end result will be. I've never seen it done for breasts, although I guess you could try it. I think there might be a problem with dimpling and unevenness within the breast. (Your nipple might end up looking at the ceiling, or toward your armpit or something)
If you have noticeable asymmetry (nobody is perfectly symmetric), the usual practice is to reduce the larger one or implant the smaller one, or implant both with different size implants to even them up.
Contact a plastic surgeon for an exam and consultation. There are different factors that make different operations appropriate or inappropriate.
Good luck to you.
ive heard of them doing it to use the fat a filler for smaller procedures, like injection into the face and lips, but i dont think it can be done for a larger area. i think you would probably have to get some kind of implant
I think it may be possible. I've heard of instances where surgeons take fatty tissue from calves, thighs, or buttocks and used them to reconstruct the lips.
they can take fat from other body parts to do reconstructive surgery post mastectomy. However, uneven/asymmetrical boobs are very common, and unless the disparity in size is so great that you just absolutely can't go out in public without wanting to hide, then it may not be worth the risk/trouble/money. Just get a pad for the smaller cup.
Answer:
When they move fat, not all of it takes, so you never know what the end result will be. I've never seen it done for breasts, although I guess you could try it. I think there might be a problem with dimpling and unevenness within the breast. (Your nipple might end up looking at the ceiling, or toward your armpit or something)
If you have noticeable asymmetry (nobody is perfectly symmetric), the usual practice is to reduce the larger one or implant the smaller one, or implant both with different size implants to even them up.
Contact a plastic surgeon for an exam and consultation. There are different factors that make different operations appropriate or inappropriate.
Good luck to you.
ive heard of them doing it to use the fat a filler for smaller procedures, like injection into the face and lips, but i dont think it can be done for a larger area. i think you would probably have to get some kind of implant
I think it may be possible. I've heard of instances where surgeons take fatty tissue from calves, thighs, or buttocks and used them to reconstruct the lips.
they can take fat from other body parts to do reconstructive surgery post mastectomy. However, uneven/asymmetrical boobs are very common, and unless the disparity in size is so great that you just absolutely can't go out in public without wanting to hide, then it may not be worth the risk/trouble/money. Just get a pad for the smaller cup.
Plastic Surgery - Your opinion of it?
Well, I'm just wondering what your view on plastic surgery is. I, myself, don't consider it very important. Plastic surgeons don't save lives. Therefore, they are not real doctors.
Answer:
Plastic/reconstructive surgeons are important to those who need them...i.e. people who were horribly mangled from accidents, burned or born with a deformity. As far as people visiting them to fix "imagined" flaws, I don't think it's that important, or even necessary but to each his/her own.
I don't, however, agree with your assessment that plastic surgeons aren't real doctors. Where do you get this? Plastic surgeons have to go through the same training as general surgeons such as 4 yrs of med school and 3-5 yrs general surgery training. The only difference is they have to go an additional 2-3 yrs in plastic surgery training, just like every doctor in their respective chosen field have to take courses in that particular field. My point is, plastic surgeons are also doctors.
Re-constructive plastic surgery is important.
try telling that to someone who has been horribly burnt, in a major trauma or with a congenital defect. There is more to being a doctor than saving lives. quality of life is a major consideration. otherwise why would we give people knee replacements? a bung knee doesn't kill you but it certainly can stop you doing alot of the things that most of us take for granted.
before you decide a specialty you need to go through the basics of medicine or premed, then med school, then the specialty that adds up 4 to 6 more years. It's just a persons choice what level and specialty they want to follow. Being a doctor is not just saving lifes.
Answer:
Plastic/reconstructive surgeons are important to those who need them...i.e. people who were horribly mangled from accidents, burned or born with a deformity. As far as people visiting them to fix "imagined" flaws, I don't think it's that important, or even necessary but to each his/her own.
I don't, however, agree with your assessment that plastic surgeons aren't real doctors. Where do you get this? Plastic surgeons have to go through the same training as general surgeons such as 4 yrs of med school and 3-5 yrs general surgery training. The only difference is they have to go an additional 2-3 yrs in plastic surgery training, just like every doctor in their respective chosen field have to take courses in that particular field. My point is, plastic surgeons are also doctors.
Re-constructive plastic surgery is important.
try telling that to someone who has been horribly burnt, in a major trauma or with a congenital defect. There is more to being a doctor than saving lives. quality of life is a major consideration. otherwise why would we give people knee replacements? a bung knee doesn't kill you but it certainly can stop you doing alot of the things that most of us take for granted.
before you decide a specialty you need to go through the basics of medicine or premed, then med school, then the specialty that adds up 4 to 6 more years. It's just a persons choice what level and specialty they want to follow. Being a doctor is not just saving lifes.
Plase help! my dad has pancreatitis and has been told today his liver function test as high?
how serious is that will he die!
Answer:
high lft's in and of themselves are not a strong predictor of morbidity. there's something called ranson's criteria which does equate certain lab values with prognosis, but lft's are not one of the predictive variables.
Yes - and so will you - and me and everyone else.
Even that fat bloke that lives up the road that you see going shopping every morning.
Get used to the idea.
The test just means that he has a "HIGH" liver function, which means his liver is mostly ok with just a bit of trouble. But the disease causes an inflammation which could be trouble. This is a time to be very careful and whatch what he eats and drinks or it could get very worse. Stick by him and support him now cause he's probably really scared about it(which he should be so he treats it serious) And see the doc regularly. I put a link in the sources so check it out cause it really has alot of info for you. Good Luck And God Bless
Pancreatitis can be extremely serious as well as very painful, and the recovery can be prolonged. It could be that there is a blockage of the drainage of the pancreatic and/or bile fluid, and this blockage would have to be bypassed. I am sorry that your dad is going through this and hope for the best for your family.
Liver function tests are usually in cases of pancreatitis. Certain enzymes would be elevated and helps to determine the diagnosis. Because his liver function test is high does not mean he will die. Liver function test is not an indicator of the severity of the pancreatitis, though it may may also mean liver involvement. If your dad is being treated now, the doctors will do appropriate investigations to decide for the appropriate treatment and management.
There are two situations that occur commonly and wind up with the combination of abnormal liver tests and pancreatitis. One is when the pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, and if that's the case, he'll need to have his gallbladder removed as soon as he's well enough. It's not to be taken lightly, but it is very common surgery. The other situation is when both are caused by alcoholism, in which case I'd suggest you join a group like Al-a-teen. He sounds sick, but most people get well, so there's no need to panic.
Your doctors should have explained by now if he is in serious trouble, if not ask them. Elevated liver enzymes usually mean that the drainage from the liver is or recently has been blocked.
The liver and gall bladder and the pancreas all end up draining through the same single tube.
A swollen pancreas can plug the tube. Gallstones that cause the pancreatitis will also plug the tube and the liver enzymes leak into the blood because of increased pressure.
Other things can plug those tubes, or they can cause the liver tests to go up in other ways, (alcohol can do that and damage the pancreas), so ask your father or get the family together and have the doctors explain what is causing the problem. An ultrasound of the pancreas and the ducts usually gives a good idea of what is going on.
Elevated liver enzymes do not mean that the liver is giving out, the drainage from it was probably plugged.
Answer:
high lft's in and of themselves are not a strong predictor of morbidity. there's something called ranson's criteria which does equate certain lab values with prognosis, but lft's are not one of the predictive variables.
Yes - and so will you - and me and everyone else.
Even that fat bloke that lives up the road that you see going shopping every morning.
Get used to the idea.
The test just means that he has a "HIGH" liver function, which means his liver is mostly ok with just a bit of trouble. But the disease causes an inflammation which could be trouble. This is a time to be very careful and whatch what he eats and drinks or it could get very worse. Stick by him and support him now cause he's probably really scared about it(which he should be so he treats it serious) And see the doc regularly. I put a link in the sources so check it out cause it really has alot of info for you. Good Luck And God Bless
Pancreatitis can be extremely serious as well as very painful, and the recovery can be prolonged. It could be that there is a blockage of the drainage of the pancreatic and/or bile fluid, and this blockage would have to be bypassed. I am sorry that your dad is going through this and hope for the best for your family.
Liver function tests are usually in cases of pancreatitis. Certain enzymes would be elevated and helps to determine the diagnosis. Because his liver function test is high does not mean he will die. Liver function test is not an indicator of the severity of the pancreatitis, though it may may also mean liver involvement. If your dad is being treated now, the doctors will do appropriate investigations to decide for the appropriate treatment and management.
There are two situations that occur commonly and wind up with the combination of abnormal liver tests and pancreatitis. One is when the pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, and if that's the case, he'll need to have his gallbladder removed as soon as he's well enough. It's not to be taken lightly, but it is very common surgery. The other situation is when both are caused by alcoholism, in which case I'd suggest you join a group like Al-a-teen. He sounds sick, but most people get well, so there's no need to panic.
Your doctors should have explained by now if he is in serious trouble, if not ask them. Elevated liver enzymes usually mean that the drainage from the liver is or recently has been blocked.
The liver and gall bladder and the pancreas all end up draining through the same single tube.
A swollen pancreas can plug the tube. Gallstones that cause the pancreatitis will also plug the tube and the liver enzymes leak into the blood because of increased pressure.
Other things can plug those tubes, or they can cause the liver tests to go up in other ways, (alcohol can do that and damage the pancreas), so ask your father or get the family together and have the doctors explain what is causing the problem. An ultrasound of the pancreas and the ducts usually gives a good idea of what is going on.
Elevated liver enzymes do not mean that the liver is giving out, the drainage from it was probably plugged.
Plaese help me with this question!!?
one of the concerns regarding the use of genetic technology centers around privacy issues such as genetic discrimination. once we improve our ability to screen the human genome for disease susceptibility. is there any level of testing that should be required by society as a means of reducing health care costs or reducing transmission of genetic diseases across generation? analyze
Answer:
Definitely. I think scanning fetuses for genetic defects is a very good idea. As genetic defects are passed on by reproduction in %26gt;99% of cases, eliminating these would stop them being passed on in the future. If we also eliminated carriers of genetic diseases, by abortions of the gene-carrying fetuses, then incidents of genetic disease would decrease rapidly.
If we can stop a child from being born that is going to have to have lots of medical treatment in the future, and let the parents have another baby, that is healthy, that would be good for everyone involved: parents, society, government, NHS, etc.
I have CF (a genetic disease). If my parents had had the technology to scan for it (I think they might of, but didn't, but lets say, if they had) then I wouldn't have been born. This would have eased burden on them, I would not have minded (as I would not be alive), society would be better off financially (I cost the NHS %26gt;拢19,000 per year in medication ALONE, never mind hospital visits, my 6 surgeries, nebulisers etc). Also, although CF people are infertile, many genetic diseases can be passed on still. So, if these were got rid of, there would be no carriers, and no one would be born with CF.
Anyway, I am ranting now, hope that helps
Ashley
Answer:
Definitely. I think scanning fetuses for genetic defects is a very good idea. As genetic defects are passed on by reproduction in %26gt;99% of cases, eliminating these would stop them being passed on in the future. If we also eliminated carriers of genetic diseases, by abortions of the gene-carrying fetuses, then incidents of genetic disease would decrease rapidly.
If we can stop a child from being born that is going to have to have lots of medical treatment in the future, and let the parents have another baby, that is healthy, that would be good for everyone involved: parents, society, government, NHS, etc.
I have CF (a genetic disease). If my parents had had the technology to scan for it (I think they might of, but didn't, but lets say, if they had) then I wouldn't have been born. This would have eased burden on them, I would not have minded (as I would not be alive), society would be better off financially (I cost the NHS %26gt;拢19,000 per year in medication ALONE, never mind hospital visits, my 6 surgeries, nebulisers etc). Also, although CF people are infertile, many genetic diseases can be passed on still. So, if these were got rid of, there would be no carriers, and no one would be born with CF.
Anyway, I am ranting now, hope that helps
Ashley
Pins and needles?
After sleeping on one's hand for example, numbness sets in - followed by intense pins and needles as the cells can't get the oxygen they need: How long can it stay without flowing blood before the hand will be paralysed? I've heard that even a few seconds without oxygen (flowing blood) will cause the cells die, but surely it's got to be more like several hours (or even days)?
Answer:
In surgery the general rule is the arm can go without oxygen for 60 minutes and the leg without for 90 minutes to avoid permanent damage. If more time than that is needed, the tourniquet is released for 15 minutes before it is applied again.
In my own experience with foot surgery, it will become very painful for the patient around 45-60 minutes, creating problems for the anesthesiologist. (for most simple foot surgery (where you don't use the leg bones or re-route tendons) many surgeons and anesthesiologists will only have the patient heavily sedated only long enough to do give local anesthesia, then provide only light or no anesthesia after that.)
I know that the misuse of a tourniquet can cause immediate permanent damage up to and including loss of an appendage or limb. I think it is probably pretty quick if the blood is completely blocked. Needles and pins is only an indication of reduced blood flow and oxygenation. I think complete deprivation is severe pain until the cells die. But what do I know? Not much, really.
As soon as you lose all sensation in your hand, that is when you will find that it is paralysed.
I would say that this will occur in about 10 minutes after siesation of blood flow.
However, if you were to cut off the blood supply for long enough, it would become paralysed for much longer after blood flow returns, maybe perminantly.
This is why you should always to try to sleep in a good position.
You are at risk of developing DVT (Deep vien thrombosis) because the blood will become stagnant and will stick together. It can block arties, including your heart arteries and blood vessels going towards the brain, leading to death.;
It is a common problems in low cost airlines because people stay cramped for so long,
You should try to move around if you can.
Although pins and needles is unlikily to kill you, it has the potensial to.
CREED
actually the feeling of intense pins and needles is due to the collapse and refill and it's created by nerve endings along the circulatory system. As far as how long, well some orthopedic cases require the help of a tourniquet up to 30 minutes. prolonged stop of flow will lead to severe ischemia followed by necrosis or cellular death.
Answer:
In surgery the general rule is the arm can go without oxygen for 60 minutes and the leg without for 90 minutes to avoid permanent damage. If more time than that is needed, the tourniquet is released for 15 minutes before it is applied again.
In my own experience with foot surgery, it will become very painful for the patient around 45-60 minutes, creating problems for the anesthesiologist. (for most simple foot surgery (where you don't use the leg bones or re-route tendons) many surgeons and anesthesiologists will only have the patient heavily sedated only long enough to do give local anesthesia, then provide only light or no anesthesia after that.)
I know that the misuse of a tourniquet can cause immediate permanent damage up to and including loss of an appendage or limb. I think it is probably pretty quick if the blood is completely blocked. Needles and pins is only an indication of reduced blood flow and oxygenation. I think complete deprivation is severe pain until the cells die. But what do I know? Not much, really.
As soon as you lose all sensation in your hand, that is when you will find that it is paralysed.
I would say that this will occur in about 10 minutes after siesation of blood flow.
However, if you were to cut off the blood supply for long enough, it would become paralysed for much longer after blood flow returns, maybe perminantly.
This is why you should always to try to sleep in a good position.
You are at risk of developing DVT (Deep vien thrombosis) because the blood will become stagnant and will stick together. It can block arties, including your heart arteries and blood vessels going towards the brain, leading to death.;
It is a common problems in low cost airlines because people stay cramped for so long,
You should try to move around if you can.
Although pins and needles is unlikily to kill you, it has the potensial to.
CREED
actually the feeling of intense pins and needles is due to the collapse and refill and it's created by nerve endings along the circulatory system. As far as how long, well some orthopedic cases require the help of a tourniquet up to 30 minutes. prolonged stop of flow will lead to severe ischemia followed by necrosis or cellular death.
Pills to jump start pituary gland?
Hi everyone. I heard that there are pills that can increase your growth if you have passed your developing years. The pills are suppose to make your pituary gland more active. Does anyone know any info on them? The side effects and such?
Answer:
once grown you cannot get taller: HGH will not make you taller -only very ill. You can help your pituitary by living like a stone age man: daily run, drink water, eat little, be on the look out for enemies and do some mock combat daily; go to sleep ealry and wake early; keep regular hours and eat well. relate to others around you - al;l this will kick start your hormones and pituitary.
Answer:
once grown you cannot get taller: HGH will not make you taller -only very ill. You can help your pituitary by living like a stone age man: daily run, drink water, eat little, be on the look out for enemies and do some mock combat daily; go to sleep ealry and wake early; keep regular hours and eat well. relate to others around you - al;l this will kick start your hormones and pituitary.
Pill identification?
pull apart capsule green and white with 315 on it.
any ideas?... I tried the pill identification wizard.
Answer:
A pharmacy should be able too.. I worked in a pharmacy through college and they have a website dedicated to that.. at least the one i worked at did... Any pharmacy should be able too. I worked at a walmart pharmacy, and even tho the company is evil, the pharmacy staff is more than helpful.
I am by no means advertising for walmart so do not give me a bad rating for that reason... just speaking from experience
CALL A PHARMACY, TELL THEM YOU FOUND IT!
Does it have little bb's in it? There's no wording anywhere?Any weird symbols? It just sounds like an allergy pill (over the counter type, like a teldrin).
Try the link below. You can type "315" into the search bar and hopefully come up with an answer.
You can also try www.webmd.com
any ideas?... I tried the pill identification wizard.
Answer:
A pharmacy should be able too.. I worked in a pharmacy through college and they have a website dedicated to that.. at least the one i worked at did... Any pharmacy should be able too. I worked at a walmart pharmacy, and even tho the company is evil, the pharmacy staff is more than helpful.
I am by no means advertising for walmart so do not give me a bad rating for that reason... just speaking from experience
CALL A PHARMACY, TELL THEM YOU FOUND IT!
Does it have little bb's in it? There's no wording anywhere?Any weird symbols? It just sounds like an allergy pill (over the counter type, like a teldrin).
Try the link below. You can type "315" into the search bar and hopefully come up with an answer.
You can also try www.webmd.com
Piercings, Surgery and Plastic?
Will medical staff permit plastic jewelry to hold the spot of a normal piercing before surgery? -I.E. Can I replace my belly ring with a plastic one for the surgery itself?
Answer:
It depends on what surgery you're having. If it's a laparoscopic procedure that goes through the belly button, then you'll have to take it out. If you're having knee surgery, maybe not.
Different facilities and surgeons have different policies. You'll need to ask your specific surgeon and the hospital or surgery center to find out.
Metal is off limits because of risk of burns from the electrocautery.
Nope. You cannot sterilize the plastic one also.
Everything that is not permanently attached to you must be removed. This is for the purpose of properly cleaning your skin and doing everything possible to prevent an infection.
Your belly ring piercing should not close up after such a short time as surgery. However, since it is a foreign body, if it is near the incision, I would ask the doctors when the best time to put it back will be. No point in putting it in early and giving yourself an infection.
Answer:
It depends on what surgery you're having. If it's a laparoscopic procedure that goes through the belly button, then you'll have to take it out. If you're having knee surgery, maybe not.
Different facilities and surgeons have different policies. You'll need to ask your specific surgeon and the hospital or surgery center to find out.
Metal is off limits because of risk of burns from the electrocautery.
Nope. You cannot sterilize the plastic one also.
Everything that is not permanently attached to you must be removed. This is for the purpose of properly cleaning your skin and doing everything possible to prevent an infection.
Your belly ring piercing should not close up after such a short time as surgery. However, since it is a foreign body, if it is near the incision, I would ask the doctors when the best time to put it back will be. No point in putting it in early and giving yourself an infection.
Physicians?
I'm thinking about medicine as a career choice, and I just wanted to know what kind of SAT scores you had, and what kind of grades you had in high school in order to get into a school with a good pre-med program. And also, what college did you go to, and what type of major did you have. Any help would be great, thanks.
Answer:
I am starting med school in the fall. I was never asked on any application to med school what my SAT score was, instead they are much more interested in your MCAT score. The MCAT should be taken after a person has completed all college science courses necessary to be admitted to med school (Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Organic Chemistry, Anatomy and Physiology). I had a 3.2 GPA in High School (again, they didn't ask what my high school grades were like). I graduated from Arizona State University with a Bachelor of Science in human health studies Summa *** Laude with a 4.01 GPA.
So what should you do? I would recommend that you find a College major that you enjoy, med schools don't care what your major was in college, but they do care about what you made of it, why you chose that major, how well you did in your classes and science prerequisite classes, what extracurricular activities you participated in. So, acceptance to medical school is not a science its an art, you have to be able to articulate why you did the things you did. They will ask you these things in a med school interview and they are looking for people who know what they are doing, why they are doing it and what goals they have for the future.
That being said, don't ever let anyone deter you from pursuing the career of your choice. If medicine is something you really want to do, I guarantee you will achieve your goal. I had a friend that was rejected 2 years in a row to med school and finally was accepted his 3rd time because he persisted. Good luck!
The SATs were scored differently when I took them than they are now, but my scores were high. Not perfect, but high. My grades in high school were excellent, with minimal effort.
As far as "pre-med program" - there really isn't such a thing. It's not necessary. You need a bachelors degree in ANYTHING, along with certain required science courses (biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, physics). Your academic advisor in college can steer you in the right direction in that regard.
In college, major in whatever interests you, even if that's medieval history or Russian literature. You do NOT have to have a science major, unless, of course, that is what you are most interested in. Get outstanding grades, and really learn the science material so that you can do well on the MCAT.
I went to a state school for college and medical school. I majored in psychology. I did very well on the MCAT and got accepted into several medical schools.
Medical school classes aren't necessarily difficult to understand, but you have to assimilate a staggering amount of information in a short period of time. If you can't pick things up quickly, you'll have trouble. One of the best things you can do to prepare yourself is to learn how to learn things quickly, if that makes sense. Develop good study habits, and that sort of thing.
Good luck to you!
Take the time this summer and attend as many free lectures or presentations that are offered by the local colleges in your area. Even a hum-drum sounding seminar may have some interesting information to offer you, and if you find the lecture impossible, you can leave without losing any money.
I had a 4.0 in high school with decent SAT scores and took summer school courses to get the college prerec classes out of the way. I got accepted to many colleges, but I couldn't decide if I wanted to study medicine or law. Then I went to a free summer lecture on the study of osteopathy and decided that medicine was the way to go, but I also met a Berkeley professor who was one of only 6 professionals who practiced both law and medicine.
My friends thought I was crazy, and my family didn't care as long as I stayed out of trouble and didn't put them in debt, so I decided to study both. I went to Touro University College of Osteopathy Medicine in Vallejo, California and Hastings Law School in San Francisco while working part-time so I didn't have to eat Kleenex. It was HARD work, and some days I thought I'd go crazy with all the stuff I had to study and do, but it was very rewarding and a lot of fun in many ways.
Don't kill yourself over getting stellar SAT scores in high school, but do try to knock out as many prerec classes as possible. The MCAT (or LSAT if you study law) is what counts, and once those knick-knack courses are out of the way, you can concentrate on your major(s).
Oh, and my little brother virtually flunked out of high school, but once he got into college (which was alot more fun), he breezed through and is now a forensic engineer. Not too shabby for him, who I used to call Demon Spawn.
Answer:
I am starting med school in the fall. I was never asked on any application to med school what my SAT score was, instead they are much more interested in your MCAT score. The MCAT should be taken after a person has completed all college science courses necessary to be admitted to med school (Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Organic Chemistry, Anatomy and Physiology). I had a 3.2 GPA in High School (again, they didn't ask what my high school grades were like). I graduated from Arizona State University with a Bachelor of Science in human health studies Summa *** Laude with a 4.01 GPA.
So what should you do? I would recommend that you find a College major that you enjoy, med schools don't care what your major was in college, but they do care about what you made of it, why you chose that major, how well you did in your classes and science prerequisite classes, what extracurricular activities you participated in. So, acceptance to medical school is not a science its an art, you have to be able to articulate why you did the things you did. They will ask you these things in a med school interview and they are looking for people who know what they are doing, why they are doing it and what goals they have for the future.
That being said, don't ever let anyone deter you from pursuing the career of your choice. If medicine is something you really want to do, I guarantee you will achieve your goal. I had a friend that was rejected 2 years in a row to med school and finally was accepted his 3rd time because he persisted. Good luck!
The SATs were scored differently when I took them than they are now, but my scores were high. Not perfect, but high. My grades in high school were excellent, with minimal effort.
As far as "pre-med program" - there really isn't such a thing. It's not necessary. You need a bachelors degree in ANYTHING, along with certain required science courses (biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, physics). Your academic advisor in college can steer you in the right direction in that regard.
In college, major in whatever interests you, even if that's medieval history or Russian literature. You do NOT have to have a science major, unless, of course, that is what you are most interested in. Get outstanding grades, and really learn the science material so that you can do well on the MCAT.
I went to a state school for college and medical school. I majored in psychology. I did very well on the MCAT and got accepted into several medical schools.
Medical school classes aren't necessarily difficult to understand, but you have to assimilate a staggering amount of information in a short period of time. If you can't pick things up quickly, you'll have trouble. One of the best things you can do to prepare yourself is to learn how to learn things quickly, if that makes sense. Develop good study habits, and that sort of thing.
Good luck to you!
Take the time this summer and attend as many free lectures or presentations that are offered by the local colleges in your area. Even a hum-drum sounding seminar may have some interesting information to offer you, and if you find the lecture impossible, you can leave without losing any money.
I had a 4.0 in high school with decent SAT scores and took summer school courses to get the college prerec classes out of the way. I got accepted to many colleges, but I couldn't decide if I wanted to study medicine or law. Then I went to a free summer lecture on the study of osteopathy and decided that medicine was the way to go, but I also met a Berkeley professor who was one of only 6 professionals who practiced both law and medicine.
My friends thought I was crazy, and my family didn't care as long as I stayed out of trouble and didn't put them in debt, so I decided to study both. I went to Touro University College of Osteopathy Medicine in Vallejo, California and Hastings Law School in San Francisco while working part-time so I didn't have to eat Kleenex. It was HARD work, and some days I thought I'd go crazy with all the stuff I had to study and do, but it was very rewarding and a lot of fun in many ways.
Don't kill yourself over getting stellar SAT scores in high school, but do try to knock out as many prerec classes as possible. The MCAT (or LSAT if you study law) is what counts, and once those knick-knack courses are out of the way, you can concentrate on your major(s).
Oh, and my little brother virtually flunked out of high school, but once he got into college (which was alot more fun), he breezed through and is now a forensic engineer. Not too shabby for him, who I used to call Demon Spawn.
PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT vs.SURGICAL ASSISTANT?
I HAVE A DEGREE IN SURGICAL TECH. CAN I TRANSFER THAT DEGREE TO A PHYSICIAN ASST. IF SO,HOW MANY YEARS DO I HAVE TO ATTEND SCHOOL. ALSO ARE THEY BOTH THE SAME.
Answer:
Your general education credits might transfer and if you took anatomy. A PA is a four year program, the best plan of action for you is to look into la ocal university or hospital programs and ask them what credits will transfer. Sorry but I don't believe that an SA can get a huge jump on a PA program. Just don't give up if thats what you want to do.
Before you do anything, research the college that you want to go to and then make a list of classes that you know your comm college can provide. talk to a counselor and they will tell you if those classes will transfer. the basics could include anatomy 1%262, general writing-chem-math, all the rest would be specific to that school. Good luck
A surgical asst. will work mostly in the OR. The duties of a PA will be more varied.
If you ever want to work and live in a small town, you'd be better off as a PA.
Surg Tech is associates level (2 year degree). Physicians Assistant programs are Masters level. You need your 4 year degree first, and then another 2 years of PA school.
Salaries and opportunities are much greater for PAs, but you have to invest a lot of time and money to get there.
Good luck with your studies.
Answer:
Your general education credits might transfer and if you took anatomy. A PA is a four year program, the best plan of action for you is to look into la ocal university or hospital programs and ask them what credits will transfer. Sorry but I don't believe that an SA can get a huge jump on a PA program. Just don't give up if thats what you want to do.
Before you do anything, research the college that you want to go to and then make a list of classes that you know your comm college can provide. talk to a counselor and they will tell you if those classes will transfer. the basics could include anatomy 1%262, general writing-chem-math, all the rest would be specific to that school. Good luck
A surgical asst. will work mostly in the OR. The duties of a PA will be more varied.
If you ever want to work and live in a small town, you'd be better off as a PA.
Surg Tech is associates level (2 year degree). Physicians Assistant programs are Masters level. You need your 4 year degree first, and then another 2 years of PA school.
Salaries and opportunities are much greater for PAs, but you have to invest a lot of time and money to get there.
Good luck with your studies.
Pharmacy school?
I made A's in both first and second semester college chemistry. How much of this stuff do you actually have to know to be admitted to pharmacy school? Why all the chemistry anyway? To prepare for pharmacy school, specifically which branches of chemistry should I be studying the hardest? thanks
Answer:
You need to focus on Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. If you can take Biomedicinal Chemistry or Medicinal Chemistry prior to pharmacy school, that would help you also. Why all the chemistry? Because medications are chemicals that work in your body. Without a strong knowledge of chemistry, it would be difficult to really understand exactly how the medications work. Keep up the grades. Most SOPs look at overall GPA and then calculate a math and science GPA separately. Good luck!
You need to know a lot of biochemistry as well as organic chemistry. You need to know organic chemistry because certain properties such as an ethyl group place on different sittes of molecules will reflect on how the drug will work. The different substituents on different molecules will effect their duration of action, potency, and metabolism. This is a major reason why you need to know your organic chemistry. As far as biochemistry you will see that it relates to how drugs are metabolized, used in the body, and carried out throughout our daily lives. To prepare for pharmacy school, I would advise you to study Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry as well as General Chemistry because it will be on the PCATs. Good luck to you!
Answer:
You need to focus on Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. If you can take Biomedicinal Chemistry or Medicinal Chemistry prior to pharmacy school, that would help you also. Why all the chemistry? Because medications are chemicals that work in your body. Without a strong knowledge of chemistry, it would be difficult to really understand exactly how the medications work. Keep up the grades. Most SOPs look at overall GPA and then calculate a math and science GPA separately. Good luck!
You need to know a lot of biochemistry as well as organic chemistry. You need to know organic chemistry because certain properties such as an ethyl group place on different sittes of molecules will reflect on how the drug will work. The different substituents on different molecules will effect their duration of action, potency, and metabolism. This is a major reason why you need to know your organic chemistry. As far as biochemistry you will see that it relates to how drugs are metabolized, used in the body, and carried out throughout our daily lives. To prepare for pharmacy school, I would advise you to study Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry as well as General Chemistry because it will be on the PCATs. Good luck to you!
Pharm.D....doctor?
Can someone with a pharm.D degree be referred to as doctor? A pharm.D degree is a doctorate degree, so shouldn't they be referred to as doctor?
Answer:
of course a pharmD's title is Dr. It's the same as when you called your professors in university "Dr So and so" when they were PhDs and not MDs.
My best friends wife is a Pharmacist with the degree from UK, she's referred to as Dr.
Yes. PharmD's should be referred to as a doctors.
I am studying to attain my pharmD. I'm entering professional school in the fall (having completed two pre-professional years).
No, they are NOT doctors. They just fill prescriptions not write them. They went to college to learn how to fill prescriptions. That is it !
Actually, I'm going out for my PharmD. It is a doctorate degree, and is more work and more years than a Bachelor's. So technically a PharmD graduate is a doctor, but also to work in pharmacy now, you can't just have a Bachelor's, you need a PharmD to be a registered Pharmacist.
Of course, a Pharm D is a doctorate degree in pharmacy. In the United States, and many other countries, the term "doctor" has become synonymous with the term "physician" (even when the physician degree is not a doctorate level). So its use as a title in certain settings (e.g. in a hospital with physicians present)... it may be confusing to call a pharmacist "doctor." This does not affect PhDs as much since they are usually not in settings in which they could be mistaken with physicians
Therefore, while it can be appropriate in to address a Pharm D as "doctor so and so," in certain settings it can be confusing. However when someone says that he or she "is a doctor," this is understood as he or she "is a physician."
See Sharon's answer to understand why some people get confused. Either that or she has a chip on her shoulder about something.
yes they have a doctorate ( PharmD) However they only have 2 years of grad school after four years of undergrad ( bachelors). with a 1-2 year internship ( in most states ) .
For that physcians (for the most) and i have heard some Ph.D's say that they refuse to refer to them as doctors, also it causes misconceptions (that they are physcians) and so you rarely hear them referred as doctor , but technically they are .
The only time you ever hear them being called doctor may be by someone who knows they have a doctorate level education , in a clinical education I.E. hospital , but not usually beacuse again , no one says physican they say doctor
yes im a Doctor of Pharmacy student...Pharm-D's should called DR because we study same books as MBBS students...there is only a difference that we cant do surgery but it doesnt means that we should not be called DRS...a Pharm-D is 100% a DR
Absolutely! They are doctors in medicine. More and more doctors are becoming open to the fact that someone who has attained their Pharm D. is a doctor. You'll start hearing it even more often!
Answer:
of course a pharmD's title is Dr. It's the same as when you called your professors in university "Dr So and so" when they were PhDs and not MDs.
My best friends wife is a Pharmacist with the degree from UK, she's referred to as Dr.
Yes. PharmD's should be referred to as a doctors.
I am studying to attain my pharmD. I'm entering professional school in the fall (having completed two pre-professional years).
No, they are NOT doctors. They just fill prescriptions not write them. They went to college to learn how to fill prescriptions. That is it !
Actually, I'm going out for my PharmD. It is a doctorate degree, and is more work and more years than a Bachelor's. So technically a PharmD graduate is a doctor, but also to work in pharmacy now, you can't just have a Bachelor's, you need a PharmD to be a registered Pharmacist.
Of course, a Pharm D is a doctorate degree in pharmacy. In the United States, and many other countries, the term "doctor" has become synonymous with the term "physician" (even when the physician degree is not a doctorate level). So its use as a title in certain settings (e.g. in a hospital with physicians present)... it may be confusing to call a pharmacist "doctor." This does not affect PhDs as much since they are usually not in settings in which they could be mistaken with physicians
Therefore, while it can be appropriate in to address a Pharm D as "doctor so and so," in certain settings it can be confusing. However when someone says that he or she "is a doctor," this is understood as he or she "is a physician."
See Sharon's answer to understand why some people get confused. Either that or she has a chip on her shoulder about something.
yes they have a doctorate ( PharmD) However they only have 2 years of grad school after four years of undergrad ( bachelors). with a 1-2 year internship ( in most states ) .
For that physcians (for the most) and i have heard some Ph.D's say that they refuse to refer to them as doctors, also it causes misconceptions (that they are physcians) and so you rarely hear them referred as doctor , but technically they are .
The only time you ever hear them being called doctor may be by someone who knows they have a doctorate level education , in a clinical education I.E. hospital , but not usually beacuse again , no one says physican they say doctor
yes im a Doctor of Pharmacy student...Pharm-D's should called DR because we study same books as MBBS students...there is only a difference that we cant do surgery but it doesnt means that we should not be called DRS...a Pharm-D is 100% a DR
Absolutely! They are doctors in medicine. More and more doctors are becoming open to the fact that someone who has attained their Pharm D. is a doctor. You'll start hearing it even more often!
Pharm D. Program?
Anyone graduated, or currently enrolled in Pharm D. program that can tell me about it and maybe share some experiences? I'm very excited about Pharmacy and hoping to enroll in it myself within 3 years or so. Thanks!
Answer:
I'm in the six year pharmacy program at St. John's University. I'll be a second year student in the fall, but I have to say that I really enjoyed my first year. Granted, I haven't taken the higher pharmacy classes yet, it moves pretty quickly. I can't say that I have that many experiences yet, but all first yaer students are required to take a shadowing class in which we shadowed people in three different settings; a nursing home, a community pharmacy and a hospital pharmacy. Through it, I can def. say that I don't want to do retail. I've always wanted to work in the ER and become a clinical pharmacist to work and during my fifth and sixth year, I will be able to have rotations there.
Like the person above said, there are things that are repetitive, but it all depends on what you want to do. Pharmacists are branching out and being allowed to do more things, so the field is getting to be more well known as time goes by.
I'm glad you're excited about pharmacy and I wish you the best of luck, maybe I'll see you down the road or something =)
Pharmacy is great to learn. Understanding the interactions between medications and their mechanism of action.
However in practice pharmacy can be somewhat repetitive depending on where you end up working. I have experience in a retail pharmacy setting and it's pretty much the same thing over and over again. Standing for long hours, mechanical joint pain, counting pills over and over, and the most important thing....triple checking everything.
Answer:
I'm in the six year pharmacy program at St. John's University. I'll be a second year student in the fall, but I have to say that I really enjoyed my first year. Granted, I haven't taken the higher pharmacy classes yet, it moves pretty quickly. I can't say that I have that many experiences yet, but all first yaer students are required to take a shadowing class in which we shadowed people in three different settings; a nursing home, a community pharmacy and a hospital pharmacy. Through it, I can def. say that I don't want to do retail. I've always wanted to work in the ER and become a clinical pharmacist to work and during my fifth and sixth year, I will be able to have rotations there.
Like the person above said, there are things that are repetitive, but it all depends on what you want to do. Pharmacists are branching out and being allowed to do more things, so the field is getting to be more well known as time goes by.
I'm glad you're excited about pharmacy and I wish you the best of luck, maybe I'll see you down the road or something =)
Pharmacy is great to learn. Understanding the interactions between medications and their mechanism of action.
However in practice pharmacy can be somewhat repetitive depending on where you end up working. I have experience in a retail pharmacy setting and it's pretty much the same thing over and over again. Standing for long hours, mechanical joint pain, counting pills over and over, and the most important thing....triple checking everything.
Pfizer the viagra company has a website, what exactly that website?
Answer:
http://www.pfizer.co.uk/
stiff.lies.come
Here you are my friend.
http://www.pfizer.co.uk/
With a name like Pfizer sticking to you, success doesn't come easy... Worst thing could be that the Viagra hoax turns out to be ....eh.. XTC laced with War effort.....
pfizer.co.uk
http://www.viagra.com is also pfizer's website.
thats a hard one
Perkiset question?
I think I have a heart problem. My heart throbs a lot, it always feels like I'm about have heart attack, I'm having chest pains, breathing problems etc. If I took a perkisets would it effect my heart any or possible help? Would it give me a heart attack?
Answer:
Any chest pain is a reason to go to the emergency room. Don't bother with any answers here.
There have actually been some studies in emergency medicine that have shown that even doctors, when given only a description of chest pain by patients, are less than 50% accurate in diagnosing a heart attack. In other words, without an accurate medical history, physical examination and appropriate tests, it is IMPOSSIBLE for ANYONE, even a DOCTOR to tell you if you are having a heart attack.
Do us all a favor and quit wasting your time and our time. GO see your doctor.
Incidentally, I believe you are referring to Percocet, not Perkiset. And no, I will not tell you if it is a good idea or not, because you need to ask your doctor this.
If you think you have heart problems, you need to be seen and examined by a doctor. Sooner, rather than later.
Percocet may decrease chest pain, but it may also interfere with respiration, and if your oxygenation decreases, it will make any coronary problems worse. Please do not try to treat yourself with Percocet.
Find an urgent care facility or contact your family doctor, and get yourself seen. It is much easier to take care of problems NOW, instead of trying to clean up after a heart attack or stroke.
Go.
do not try to treat yourself with any medicine yourself.
u may have 'angina pectoris' which is treated by nitroglycerine
plz go to doctor.
Answer:
Any chest pain is a reason to go to the emergency room. Don't bother with any answers here.
There have actually been some studies in emergency medicine that have shown that even doctors, when given only a description of chest pain by patients, are less than 50% accurate in diagnosing a heart attack. In other words, without an accurate medical history, physical examination and appropriate tests, it is IMPOSSIBLE for ANYONE, even a DOCTOR to tell you if you are having a heart attack.
Do us all a favor and quit wasting your time and our time. GO see your doctor.
Incidentally, I believe you are referring to Percocet, not Perkiset. And no, I will not tell you if it is a good idea or not, because you need to ask your doctor this.
If you think you have heart problems, you need to be seen and examined by a doctor. Sooner, rather than later.
Percocet may decrease chest pain, but it may also interfere with respiration, and if your oxygenation decreases, it will make any coronary problems worse. Please do not try to treat yourself with Percocet.
Find an urgent care facility or contact your family doctor, and get yourself seen. It is much easier to take care of problems NOW, instead of trying to clean up after a heart attack or stroke.
Go.
do not try to treat yourself with any medicine yourself.
u may have 'angina pectoris' which is treated by nitroglycerine
plz go to doctor.
Peoples who are pretty good in anatomy please click here?
ok how do you read anatomy im out of hs and over the summer vacation i wanna do self study about anatomy so please tell me some tips to understand anatomy!
thanks
Answer:
the book, not the TV show, Gray's Anatomy is a great reference...
Go to the local library and look for a book on Anatomy, then make flashcards and quiz yourself every day. You can go to the internet and print off blank anatomy sheets. Then you can label the bones, arteries, and so on.
Anatomy is hard, especially for beginners. Here's my trick. First, I'd be curious, like how does the heart pumps blood? Then I would look it up. Internet is fine but I like Netter's Atlas of human anatomy. If I don't understand it, I would look for a simpler explanation. Brainy friends work. Or I could look into it's function so I could associate a part to it's function and having more details about a single part makes it easier to understand and memorize. Mnemonics work too. Good luck.
Like other people have said, take out (or buy) some books. Books are very good, but to be honest they will only get you so far. What you really need to do is to do some dissection - however, that might be a problem!
So, get some books. Read through them, starting with something interesting (yes, like the person above said, the heart is interesting and relatively easy to learn). Draw some of your own diagrams (LOTS of diagrams) from all different angles and views. Look at your self, draw things on your self with washable ink (ie, as it is human anatomy [I assume] you are learning, draw the muscles found in your legs and arms - ON you legs and arms, on the skin. Where is the common digital extensor of the arm? What about gastrocnemius in the leg? Or the deep digital flexor of both arms and legs?). Picturing it on your self really helps (even though I am a vet student, it helps me too!).
Try playing around, squishing and poking your self. Feel where muscles are attached, what they do etc. For example, get your arm now, and dangle it below your chair, all floppy and loosr, and squeeze it with your other hand, around 2/3 of the way down AFTER your elbow. See what happens to your fingers? Why is this? What muscle are you, effectively, contracting?
Also, I would see if you could get hold of some of those videos done by that Dutch person - he chopped people up on TV. That was good.
Lastly, see if you can get your self some work experience in a vets, or better still, a hospital. Vets do lots of surgery, all the time, and you will be able to learn a lot from watching that (although it is different, it is similar enough). If you did get to watch some surgery in a hospital, that would be even better. I doubt you will though.
Well, hope that helps, email me any q's
Ashley
There is a study guide called "The Anatomy Coloring Book" which makes a very difficult subject quite easy. I know it's available at Barnes and Noble, but you could probably find it on amazon.com.
thanks
Answer:
the book, not the TV show, Gray's Anatomy is a great reference...
Go to the local library and look for a book on Anatomy, then make flashcards and quiz yourself every day. You can go to the internet and print off blank anatomy sheets. Then you can label the bones, arteries, and so on.
Anatomy is hard, especially for beginners. Here's my trick. First, I'd be curious, like how does the heart pumps blood? Then I would look it up. Internet is fine but I like Netter's Atlas of human anatomy. If I don't understand it, I would look for a simpler explanation. Brainy friends work. Or I could look into it's function so I could associate a part to it's function and having more details about a single part makes it easier to understand and memorize. Mnemonics work too. Good luck.
Like other people have said, take out (or buy) some books. Books are very good, but to be honest they will only get you so far. What you really need to do is to do some dissection - however, that might be a problem!
So, get some books. Read through them, starting with something interesting (yes, like the person above said, the heart is interesting and relatively easy to learn). Draw some of your own diagrams (LOTS of diagrams) from all different angles and views. Look at your self, draw things on your self with washable ink (ie, as it is human anatomy [I assume] you are learning, draw the muscles found in your legs and arms - ON you legs and arms, on the skin. Where is the common digital extensor of the arm? What about gastrocnemius in the leg? Or the deep digital flexor of both arms and legs?). Picturing it on your self really helps (even though I am a vet student, it helps me too!).
Try playing around, squishing and poking your self. Feel where muscles are attached, what they do etc. For example, get your arm now, and dangle it below your chair, all floppy and loosr, and squeeze it with your other hand, around 2/3 of the way down AFTER your elbow. See what happens to your fingers? Why is this? What muscle are you, effectively, contracting?
Also, I would see if you could get hold of some of those videos done by that Dutch person - he chopped people up on TV. That was good.
Lastly, see if you can get your self some work experience in a vets, or better still, a hospital. Vets do lots of surgery, all the time, and you will be able to learn a lot from watching that (although it is different, it is similar enough). If you did get to watch some surgery in a hospital, that would be even better. I doubt you will though.
Well, hope that helps, email me any q's
Ashley
There is a study guide called "The Anatomy Coloring Book" which makes a very difficult subject quite easy. I know it's available at Barnes and Noble, but you could probably find it on amazon.com.
People who have the genetic disorder called WHAT disease suffer from lack of oxygen in the blood?
please please please help me its a ONE WORD ANSWER i need to finish this study guide so i can get a good grade on my funal exam, if you help me ill luv ya 4eva, thnx! =)
Answer:
Sickle cell anaemia. Caused by a mutation that alters the shape of the Red Blood Cell making it less able to carry oxygen. This is because the cell has less surface area than a normal shaped onr.
Hypoxia? Better look it up %26 see if that's right.
sickle cell anemia? Their hemoglobin's messed up, so their red blood cells don't carry enough oxygen.
could be anemia or sickle cell disease too, but the lack of oxygen in the blood from sickle cell stems from the fact that the red blood cells are malformed, so maybe its a trick, I'd look this up on webmd or something. Anemia is when you simply lack the red blood cells altogether.
Good luck, sorry I couldn't be more help.
Sickle cell anaemia
is it Cyanosis?
anemia, cyanosis,hypoxia are not genetic disorders...I think sickle cell anemia or also called sickle cell disease is a good answer.
Hypoxia and cyanosis are not genetic disorders. Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy that causes deformation of the red blood cells, clogging capillaries. That may be the answer that your study guide is looking for, though.
This isn't an easy one. Here is a list of genetic disorders:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_gen...
sickle cell is a form of anemia BUT all anemia causes lack of O2 in the blood. Also, if you want to get into parasites, African Sleeping Sickness, aka Trypanosoma gambiense causes death bc of lack of O2 in the blood. The parasites infect the RBCs and O2 can no longer attach to the cells to be transported thru the body.
hemaglobinopathy diseases all cause anemia and are genetic. you can search the internet for an entire list, but they include sickle cell disease, alpha thalassemia, beta thalaseemia, hereditary spherocytosis.
Answer:
Sickle cell anaemia. Caused by a mutation that alters the shape of the Red Blood Cell making it less able to carry oxygen. This is because the cell has less surface area than a normal shaped onr.
Hypoxia? Better look it up %26 see if that's right.
sickle cell anemia? Their hemoglobin's messed up, so their red blood cells don't carry enough oxygen.
could be anemia or sickle cell disease too, but the lack of oxygen in the blood from sickle cell stems from the fact that the red blood cells are malformed, so maybe its a trick, I'd look this up on webmd or something. Anemia is when you simply lack the red blood cells altogether.
Good luck, sorry I couldn't be more help.
Sickle cell anaemia
is it Cyanosis?
anemia, cyanosis,hypoxia are not genetic disorders...I think sickle cell anemia or also called sickle cell disease is a good answer.
Hypoxia and cyanosis are not genetic disorders. Sickle cell disease is a hemoglobinopathy that causes deformation of the red blood cells, clogging capillaries. That may be the answer that your study guide is looking for, though.
This isn't an easy one. Here is a list of genetic disorders:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_gen...
sickle cell is a form of anemia BUT all anemia causes lack of O2 in the blood. Also, if you want to get into parasites, African Sleeping Sickness, aka Trypanosoma gambiense causes death bc of lack of O2 in the blood. The parasites infect the RBCs and O2 can no longer attach to the cells to be transported thru the body.
hemaglobinopathy diseases all cause anemia and are genetic. you can search the internet for an entire list, but they include sickle cell disease, alpha thalassemia, beta thalaseemia, hereditary spherocytosis.
Pediatric Neurology...?
does anyone know of a website that i could get information about pediatric neurology on? and does anyone have a any suggestions on colleges i could maybe look at that have programs for pediatric neurology?
Answer:
you can try the following links.
there are several ways to get into child neurology, either by starting straight out of medical school, or by starting in pediatrics, then moving on to neurology.
as for undergrad, you would want to have a strong foundation in the required premed courses (bio, organic chem, physics, etc.) and might think about psychology classes or cognitive neuroscience classes for additional preparation.
http://www.childneurologysociety.org/...
http://www.pediartics.org
http://www.siumed.edu/
hey I don't like pediatric neurologists! My proffesor is a lady pediatric neurologist and she is such a pain in the ***!! Well, you need first to specialize in pediatrics and then have a subspecialization on ediatric neurology...good luck!
Answer:
you can try the following links.
there are several ways to get into child neurology, either by starting straight out of medical school, or by starting in pediatrics, then moving on to neurology.
as for undergrad, you would want to have a strong foundation in the required premed courses (bio, organic chem, physics, etc.) and might think about psychology classes or cognitive neuroscience classes for additional preparation.
http://www.childneurologysociety.org/...
http://www.pediartics.org
http://www.siumed.edu/
hey I don't like pediatric neurologists! My proffesor is a lady pediatric neurologist and she is such a pain in the ***!! Well, you need first to specialize in pediatrics and then have a subspecialization on ediatric neurology...good luck!
Pediatric Emergency Medicine? Please help!?
how many years does it take to become a pediatric emergancy physician? Is the salary greater than that of a regular emergency physician? Thank you all in advance....
Answer:
After completing a general pediatric residency of three years Well after a 4 yr undergrad degree then a 4 yr med school degree then a 3 yr general pediatric residency , you must specialise in Ped Emergency Med for another 2-3 yrs. Anything to do w/Pediatrics doesn't make much---Pediatricians are considered bottom of the barrel in ref to pay
Peds ED physicians are only found in big university type hospitals so not many jobs around. Kids do not visit the ED as much as adults do hence most hospitals make do w/ regular adult ER physicians since they do get some ( and I mean a small "some") pediatric experience and can see all pts visiting the ED in contrast to a soley ped ed physician.. Hope this helped .
you have to go through a pediatrics residency first which can take 1-3 years, then your emergency residency which is only a series of certifications which can take months.
One year of fellowship after either a pediatrics or an emergency medicine residency. Money's not really any different, but incomes vary pretty wildly from one place to another. There's a large E.D. in my state that's promising the moon right now, with few takers, trying to recruit emergency physicians. It doesn't take much to read between the lines there.
Answer:
After completing a general pediatric residency of three years Well after a 4 yr undergrad degree then a 4 yr med school degree then a 3 yr general pediatric residency , you must specialise in Ped Emergency Med for another 2-3 yrs. Anything to do w/Pediatrics doesn't make much---Pediatricians are considered bottom of the barrel in ref to pay
Peds ED physicians are only found in big university type hospitals so not many jobs around. Kids do not visit the ED as much as adults do hence most hospitals make do w/ regular adult ER physicians since they do get some ( and I mean a small "some") pediatric experience and can see all pts visiting the ED in contrast to a soley ped ed physician.. Hope this helped .
you have to go through a pediatrics residency first which can take 1-3 years, then your emergency residency which is only a series of certifications which can take months.
One year of fellowship after either a pediatrics or an emergency medicine residency. Money's not really any different, but incomes vary pretty wildly from one place to another. There's a large E.D. in my state that's promising the moon right now, with few takers, trying to recruit emergency physicians. It doesn't take much to read between the lines there.
Pediatric Doctor?
Do I have to have A level maths and physics to be a pediatric doctor? at the moment, i'm taking English Literature, Spanish, history and chemistry. have i made the right choice?
Answer:
I would suggest a minimum of chemistry and biology. Maths would also be helpful, but physics is less important.
You need to take biology chemistry organic chemistry biochemistry statistics. And get an A in alll.
Most medical schools require three years of biology and three of chemistry including organic chem.
My first year of pre-med, I had to take calculus. I would really suggest that you take some type of math and biology.
Answer:
I would suggest a minimum of chemistry and biology. Maths would also be helpful, but physics is less important.
You need to take biology chemistry organic chemistry biochemistry statistics. And get an A in alll.
Most medical schools require three years of biology and three of chemistry including organic chem.
My first year of pre-med, I had to take calculus. I would really suggest that you take some type of math and biology.
Pathophysiology,signs and symptoms,nursing intervention of nodular adenomatous goiter??
Answer:
Pathophysiology
The histopathology varies with etiology and age of the goiter. Initially, uniform follicular epithelial hyperplasia (diffuse goiter) is present with an increase in thyroid mass. As the disorder persists, the thyroid architecture loses uniformity, with the development of areas of involution and fibrosis interspersed with areas of focal hyperplasia. This process results in multiple nodules (multinodular goiter). On nuclear scintigraphy, some nodules are hot, with high isotope uptake (autonomous) or cold, with low isotope uptake, compared with the normal thyroid tissue. The development of nodules correlates with the development of functional autonomy and reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Clinically, the natural history of a nontoxic goiter is growth, nodule production, and functional autonomy resulting in thyrotoxicosis in a minority of patients.
Signs / symptoms
dyspnea
stridor
Hemorrhage
bronchitis
dysphagia.
hoarseness.
facial plethora
and dilated neck veins
Nursing intervention
Diets low in iodine need supplementation, especially in developing countries where government-supported iodine supplementation is not available.
Patients taking iodine supplements may need a reduction to avoid iodine-induced thyroid disease in predisposed individuals.
try this link:
http://ocw.tufts.edu/content/14/lecturen...
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